Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40498322›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2025

Vitamin D status and its determinants among Chinese infants and toddlers in Hong Kong.

Keith T S Tung, Hung Kwan So, Chen Chen, Joanna Y L Tung, Hing Wai Tsang, Rosa S Wong, Sophie S F Leung, Calvin K M Cheung, Albert Lee, Jason C S Yam and 2 more

Erratum issuedAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in European journal of nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Vitamin DFrontiers in immunology · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Keith T S TungDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Hung Kwan SoDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Chen ChenDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Joanna Y L TungDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Hing Wai TsangDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Rosa S WongDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Sophie S F LeungDepartment of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Calvin K M CheungJockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Albert LeeDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Jason C S YamDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Wing Cheong LeungDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Patrick IpDepartment of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. patricip@hku.hk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6797-6898

Funding

Health and Medical Research Fund Vit D-HKU
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeVitamin D is a micronutrient that is necessary for bone health as well as the regulation of mineral homeostasis. This study aims to assess the vitamin D status and its determinants among infants and toddlers in Hong Kong, two of the most vulnerable groups at risk of vitamin D insufficiency.

methodsA multi-centre cross-sectional study recruiting 887 infants and toddlers was conducted. A comprehensive assessment on potential factors that can influence vitamin D status as well as serum vitamin D concentration was conducted for all participants. Regression analyses were conducted to assess the factors contributing to the vitamin D insufficiency risk.

results124 (14.0%) infants and toddlers were vitamin D insufficient and 44 (5.0%) were vitamin D deficient, with higher prevalence observed among younger infants (aged 2 to 6 months). Majority did not consume any vitamin D-containing supplement (86.5%) which was associated with higher risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR = 2.16, p = 0.017). An increment of 100IU in total daily vitamin D intake lowered the risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR = 0.50, p < 0.001) in older infants and toddlers. Being breastfed increased vitamin D insufficiency risk in younger infants (aOR = 24.91, p < 0.001) and in older infants and toddlers (aOR = 7.36, p < 0.001). Further analyses identified distinctive pattern among factors that can influence 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 concentrations.

conclusionLow total vitamin D intake and lack of supplementation practice were the key contributing factors to vitamin D insufficiency among infants and toddlers in Hong Kong. Detailed guidelines and support should be provided to meet their respective daily vitamin D intake requirement to further tackle the vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among these vulnerable populations.

Indexed as

Nutritional StatusVitamin DVitamin D DeficiencyBreast FeedingChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesDietDietary SupplementsEast Asian PeopleFemaleHong KongHumansInfantMalePrevalenceRisk FactorsVitamin D25(OH)DChineseInfantsToddlersVitamin D deficiency

Identifiers

PMID40498322
PMCPMC12159119

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.