Differential Effects of Friendship and School Norms on Adolescents' Defending in Cyberbullying Situations: A Randomized School-Based Experiment.

Stefanie Richters, Maor Shani, Lea Geyer, Maarten H W van Zalk

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial

In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of youth and adolescence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Social norms and the decline in US cigarette smoking: evidence from 30 years of US representative surveys.BMJ public health · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Stefanie RichtersDevelopmental Psychology, Institute for Psychology, Osnabrück University, Lise-Meitner-Str. 3, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany. stefanie.richters@uni-osnabrueck.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-3028-3592

Maor ShaniDevelopmental Psychology, Institute for Psychology, Osnabrück University, Lise-Meitner-Str. 3, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5301-5332

Lea GeyerDevelopmental Psychology, Institute for Psychology, Osnabrück University, Lise-Meitner-Str. 3, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-2242-3263

Maarten H W van ZalkDevelopmental Psychology, Institute for Psychology, Osnabrück University, Lise-Meitner-Str. 3, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0185-8805

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

During adolescence, close friendships become increasingly important, yet whether norms within friendship groups may influence responses to cyberbullying more than norms from more distal reference groups such as schools remains untested. This preregistered experiment examined the effects of friendship and school pro-defending norms on adolescents' defending intentions and behaviors in response to hypothetical cyberbullying scenarios. Participants were 321 students from grades 5 to 10 in a German secondary school (55.45% female; M

Indexed as

Adolescent BehaviorCyberbullyingFriendsSocial NormsAdolescentBullyingChildCrime VictimsFemaleGermanyHumansMalePeer GroupSchoolsStudentsAdolescenceCyberbullyingDefendingFriendshipsSocial norms

Identifiers

PMID40498176

DOI10.1007/s10964-025-02202-y

PMCPMC12245936

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.