Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40497973›Full record

ReviewCells2025

The Potential of Red Blood Cells in Regenerative Medicine: A Paradigm Shift in Cellular Therapy.

Fábio Ramos Costa, Joseph Purita, Ansar Mahmood, Rubens Martins, Bruno Costa, Bruno Lima Rodrigues, Stephany Cares Huber, Gabriel Silva Santos, Luyddy Pires, Gabriel Azzini and 2 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Cells, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Fábio Ramos CostaDepartment of Orthopedics, FC Sports Traumatology, Salvador 40296-210, BA, Brazil.ORCID 0009-0003-0486-8114
Joseph PuritaOrthopedics, PUR-FORM, Boca Raton, FL 33432, USA.
Ansar MahmoodTrauma and Orthopaedics Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK.
Rubens MartinsMedical School, Tiradentes University Center, Maceió 57038-000, AL, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-2513-9864
Bruno CostaMedical School, Zarns College, Salvador 41720-200, BA, Brazil.
Bruno Lima RodriguesDepartment of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-5794-2950
Stephany Cares HuberDepartment of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil.
Gabriel Silva SantosDepartment of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-0549-6821
Luyddy PiresDepartment of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0009-0007-0725-7940
Gabriel AzziniDepartment of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0003-2884-7580
André KruelDepartment of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-7415-3953
José Fábio LanaDepartment of Orthopedics, Brazilian Institute of Regenerative Medicine (BIRM), Indaiatuba 13334-170, SP, Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Red blood cells (RBCs) have traditionally been excluded from orthobiologic formulations due to inflammation, oxidative stress, and hemolysis concerns. However, emerging evidence suggests that RBCs may play an active role in regenerative medicine, contributing to immune modulation, vascular support, and oxidative balance. Their interactions with macrophages, involvement in nitric oxide signaling, and release of extracellular vesicles suggest they may influence tissue repair more than previously assumed. Despite these potential benefits, RBC retention in orthobiologic preparations like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) remains controversial, with most protocols favoring their removal in the absence of robust translational clinical data. This review explores the biological functions of RBCs in regenerative medicine, their potential contributions to PRP and BMAC, and the challenges associated with their inclusion. While concerns about hemolysis and inflammation persist, controlled studies are needed to determine whether selective RBC retention could enhance musculoskeletal healing in some scenarios. Future research should focus on optimizing RBC processing techniques and evaluating their impact on clinical applications. Addressing these gaps will clarify whether RBCs represent an overlooked but valuable component in regenerative therapies or their exclusion remains justified.

Indexed as

Cell- and Tissue-Based TherapyErythrocytesRegenerative MedicineAnimalsHumansPlatelet-Rich Plasmaextracellular vesiclesimmunomodulationred blood cellsregenerative medicinetissue engineering

Identifiers

PMID40497973
PMCPMC12153825

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.