ReviewPublic health challenges2024
Risk Factors of Smartphone Addiction: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies.
Review in Public health challenges, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Investigating the mediating roles of psychological resilience and digital addiction in the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental health: a meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Examining the mediating roles of self-esteem and social support in the link between digital addiction and mental health: findings from a meta-analytic structural equation modeling study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- You are doubly excluded: the interplay of cyberostracism and perceived parental phubbing in predicting problematic smartphone use.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Objective screen time and smartphone addiction symptoms in defining risky smartphone use: A cross-sectional study of university students.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Acculturative stress and problematic smartphone use among international students in Japan: a sequential mediation model of emotion regulation and social anxiety.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Demographic, social, psychological, mental health, and academic correlates of problematic smartphone use among French psychology students.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Reciprocal relationship among perceived sleep quality, smartphone overdependence, and depression in Korean adolescents: a cross-lagged analysis using national big data.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Impact of Smartphone Addiction on PTSD Symptoms Among South African University Students: Resilience as a Protective Factor.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exploring the trajectories of problematic smartphone use in adolescence: Insights from a longitudinal study.The British journal of developmental psychology · 2025Article
- Article
- Unmet psychological needs underlying mobile phone dependence among medical undergraduates: a qualitative study based on the basic psychological needs theory.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- The Influence of Negative Emotions on Mobile Phone Addiction Among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Role of Negative Coping Styles and the Moderating Role of Gender.Psychology research and behavior management · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Smartphone addiction is exponentially increasing worldwide. It has negative health consequences. Previous systematic reviews identified several risk factors of smartphone addiction; however, they were based on cross-sectional data. This systematic review aimed to fill the gap by assessing smartphone addiction risk factors using longitudinal studies. Methods: This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023431529) and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Six databases, including Scopus, Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest Central and PsycINFO, were searched to identify eligible studies. Studies were eligible if they assessed smartphone addiction as the outcome variable, were longitudinal and were published in English. All papers included in this review were assessed for the risk of bias and quality. Results: A total of 22 papers met the inclusion and exclusion criteria after the screening process. The results were categorised into three groups, including personal, social and environmental factors. Within the groups, seven risk factors, including mental health, emotions, academic stress, social rejection and peer victimisation as well as family dysfunction and parental phubbing, were identified. All of the risk factors were significant predictors of smartphone addiction. Mental health problems, social rejection and peer victimisation also displayed a bidirectional relationship with smartphone addiction. Inconsistent smartphone addiction measurements were used. Conclusion: This review has significant implications for policymakers as it identified seven risk factors for smartphone addiction. Further studies are warranted to improve the understanding of the aetiology of smartphone addiction and inform education, counselling and coping with smartphone addiction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.