ReviewEuropean journal of medical research2025
Pre-hospital cooling in community-acquired heat stroke (CAHS): evidence, challenges, and strategies.
Review in European journal of medical research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mechanisms and Intervention Strategies for Heat Stroke-Associated Myocardial Dysfunction: A Narrative Review.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Heat stroke dysfunctions: from pathophysiology to prediction.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHeat stroke (HS) is a critical medical emergency characterized by severe hyperthermia and central nervous system dysfunction, occurring predominantly in conditions of high ambient temperatures or through physical exertion. With rising global temperatures, the incidence and severity of HS are expected to increase, presenting substantial public health challenges.
objectivesThis review synthesizes current evidence on cooling methods for HS, addresses challenges in managing community-acquired heat stroke (CAHS), and proposes strategies to enhance pre-hospital and emergency department (ED) care.
methodsWe evaluated existing literature on cooling strategies, focusing on different subtypes of HS (classic and exertional) and the efficacy of rapid cooling techniques. In addition, we reviewed epidemiological data and proposed a subclassification of HS into supervised and community-acquired heat stroke to better understand healthcare accessibility impacts.
resultsWater, particularly cold water immersion, is recognized as the most effective medium for cooling HS due to its superior thermal properties. Rapid cooling (> 0.15 °C/min) is crucial for survival, significantly reducing case fatality rates and medical complications. Supervised HS, often managed promptly at athletic or military events, shows near-zero fatality rates with immediate cooling. In contrast, CAHS presents unique challenges due to delayed medical intervention and lack of immediate cooling resources. Current strategies to improve CAHS management include public education, dispatcher-guided first aid, and pre-hospital cooling techniques such as internal cooling with cold saline and gastric lavage.
conclusionsEffective HS management hinges on rapid cooling, with water immersion being the gold standard. To mitigate the rising burden of HS, particularly in community settings, there is a need for enhanced public awareness, training for emergency responders, and improved pre-hospital equipment. Future strategies should focus on integrating cooling interventions into emergency response protocols and ensuring timely access to cooling resources in both pre-hospital and ED settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.