ArticleNature microbiology2025
Breadth of influenza A antibody cross-reactivity varies by virus isolation interval and subtype.
Article in Nature microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Population immunity, post-vaccine and post-infection antibody responses to influenza A (H3N2) subclade J.2 and K (J.2.4.1) viruses, Hong Kong, 2025.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza virus infections generate antibodies that cross-react with antigenically similar viruses. However, the breadth of cross-reactivity is unclear. Here we analysed 200,000 haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titrations from ferrets singly infected with A(H3N2) or A(H1N1)pdm09. We identified consistent influenza A virus subtype-specific patterns where breadth of HAI antibody cross-reactivity was associated with isolation time between tested and immunizing viruses. This was independent of virus strains, passage history and genetic mutations. A 6-year interval between virus isolation resulted in minimal HAI titres for A(H3N2), while A(H1N1)pdm09 demonstrated broader cross-reactivity with moderate titre reductions over the same interval. Analysis of HA substitutions revealed more amino acid substitutions between viruses for A(H3N2) and a greater reduction in HAI titres per substitution compared with A(H1N1). Longitudinal analysis of human antisera across age groups suggests that repeat A(H3N2) exposure increased HAI responses within the cross-reactivity range, with greater increases for more recent viruses. These results provide a framework for antigenically evolving pathogens such as influenza viruses.
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