ArticlePediatric research2026
Gestational diabetes mellitus and children's social-emotional development, behavioral problems, and psychological adjustment.
Article in Pediatric research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Maternal Glucose Metabolism and Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Offspring: Modification by Erythrocyte Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Gestational diabetes and its influence on early neurodevelopment in infants: a retrospective analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Turning the tide on gestational diabetes mellitus to protect social-emotional development.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental Pathways from Maternal Obesity to Offspring Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Cognitive and Behavioral Consequences Across Development.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis longitudinal cohort study investigated whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with 2- and 5-year-old children's social-emotional development and whether child sex moderates the association.
methodsFinnBrain Birth Cohort Study recruited 3808 pregnant women 2011-2015 in Finnish Turku region and Åland Islands. Their children's social-emotional development at 2 years was measured by Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) (N = 1444, GDM n = 227) and at 5 years by Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (N = 1489, GDM n = 225). General linear models were used.
resultsAfter adjusting for covariates, GDM was not associated with children's social-emotional development at age 2 years. At age 5, GDM was associated with greater total behavioral difficulties (p = 0.025, for 1-point increase in total score η
conclusionGDM may influence children's social-emotional development, behavioral problems, and adjustment-and, furthermore, in a sexually dimorphic manner. Longer follow-up is needed to evaluate long-term stability of findings. IMPACT: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was associated with greater total behavioral difficulties of offspring at the age of five. GDM was associated with greater internalizing problems in girls at 2 years GDM was associated with greater conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention and total difficulties in boys at 5 years. GDM may influence children's social-emotional development in a sexually dimorphic manner. Findings call for further study of mechanisms of children's social-emotional development as well as shed light on GDM-related risk factors for early intervention.
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