Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40494846›Full record

ArticleScientific data2025

US State Cannabis Policy Bundles Dataset.

Lilliard E Richardson, Daniel J Mallinson, Shazib Altaf, Grant Neeley

Abstract readDataset
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific data, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Lilliard E RichardsonSchool of Public Policy, Penn State, 509 Welch Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
Daniel J MallinsonSchool of Public Affairs, Penn State Harrisburg, 777 W. Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA. djm466@psu.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-8094-6685
Shazib AltafSchool of Public Affairs, Penn State Harrisburg, 777 W. Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA.
Grant NeeleyCenter for Cybersecurity and Data Intelligence, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.

Funding

Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) N/A
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cannabis policies across the U.S. states vary considerably, and we categorize state data into three policy bundles: pharmaceutical, permissive, and fiscal. Each of the bundles is comprised of twelve constituent policies that reflect the dimensions of state cannabis policy. Factor analysis confirmed the three policy dimensions, and the bundles for each state in each year were transformed to range from 0 to 100. This results in two datasets - one with the original 36 dichotomous policy indicators and one with the three policy bundles for each state from 1994 to 2023. The bundles provide researchers with data to understand the effects of cannabis legalization on myriad policy outcomes (e.g., public health or crime). The bundles capture significant variation in policy design cross-sectionally between the states and within the states over time. This provides an advancement over studies that treat legalization as a dichotomy, thus ignoring variation in policy design that is inherently related to impacts of interest, such as health, crime, and social outcomes.

Indexed as

CannabisHealth PolicyLegislation, DrugHumansUnited States

Identifiers

PMID40494846
PMCPMC12152162

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.