Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40493173›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2025

Sex differences in the rate of torque development and torque-velocity relationship are due to maximal strength only.

Francesco Salvaggio, Paolo Riccardo Brustio, Pierre Samozino, Ludovico Grossio, Alberto Rainoldi, Gennaro Boccia

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Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Neuromuscular Profile of CrossFitJournal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Francesco SalvaggioDepartment of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-9682
Paolo Riccardo BrustioNeuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8422-5132
Pierre SamozinoUniv Savoie Mont Blanc, Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Chambéry, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-6021-5836
Ludovico GrossioDepartment of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-2898
Alberto Rainoldi *Neuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1665-870X
Gennaro Boccia *Neuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. gennaro.boccia@unito.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8706-4098

Funding

Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università degli Studi di Torino grant for internationalization
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis study aimed to analyse the sex differences in the rate of torque development (RTD) and torque-velocity parameters with and without normalisation for maximal voluntary torque (MVT).

methodsRight-leg knee extensors were tested in 64 healthy and active participants (31 F and 33 M). MVT and RTD were obtained under isometric conditions. Individual torque-velocity relationships were obtained using a curvilinear model on averaged torque and velocity over 80°-to-140° knee angle. Dynamic data were acquired through an incremental protocol on a leg extension machine, going from the lightest to the unmovable load despite maximal effort.

resultsIndependent samples t test revealed (p < 0.001) that males possess greater RTD measured at 50 ms (d = -1.2), 100ms (d = -2.1) and 150ms (d = -2.3), peak RTD (d = -1.3) and MVT (d = 2.1). When normalised by MVT, the sex differences in RTD disappeared. Curvilinear hyperbolic TV relationship well-fitted (R

conclusionsThe sex differences in explosiveness (i.e., rapid isometric and dynamic force production) were mainly due to greater maximal strength in males than in females. These findings suggest that, in non-sedentary people, males do not present higher contraction velocity capacities, i.e. higher maximal velocity until which muscles can produce force, than females in knee extension.

Indexed as

Isometric ContractionMuscle, SkeletalMuscle StrengthSex CharacteristicsAdultFemaleHumansMaleSex FactorsTorqueYoung AdultBallistic contractionsExplosive strengthForce–velocity relationshipRapid force productionRate of force developmentSex differences

Identifiers

PMID40493173

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.