Multi-Feature Mapping of Distortions in Amblyopia With Localized Sampling.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate position, orientation, and spatial frequency (SF) distortions in amblyopia, their distribution across the visual field (VF), and their relationship with visual acuity (VA) loss. Methods: Twenty-one participants with amblyopia were tested using three tasks measuring distortions in position, orientation, and SF. Stimuli were presented on a 6 × 6 grid covering the central 5 degrees of the VF, with participants adjusting the fellow eye's perception to match the amblyopic eye. Distortion maps were created for each type, and correlations were analyzed within subjects (across their 3 distortion maps) and between subjects (comparing the same type of distortion maps across participants). Correlations with VA loss were also assessed. Results: The prevalence of distortion maps varied, with SF distortions being the most dominant (88.9%), followed by position distortions (66.7%), and orientation distortions being the least common (22.2%). Distortions extended beyond the fovea. Within subjects, spatial patterns of distortion showed no significant correlations across distortion types (P > 0.05), indicating their independence. Between subjects, no significant correlations were found for the same type of distortion map, suggesting individual variability. Additionally, VA differences were not significantly correlated with any distortion type, reinforcing the independence of VA from perceptual distortions. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of assessing multiple distortion types to fully characterize perceptual deficits in amblyopia. The findings suggest that no single distortion type fully represents amblyopic spatial distortion, as each operates independently. Distortion mapping is essential for understanding, monitoring improvements, and accurately diagnosing amblyopia, as VA measurements alone fail to address these deficits comprehensively.