ArticleBioactive materials2025
3D-printed microfibers encapsulating stem cells in scaffold with tri-culture and two-stage metformin release for bone/vasculature/nerve regeneration in rats.
Article in Bioactive materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Innovative 3D-bioprinted microfibers in calcium phosphate cement platform with Nell-1 to activate nerve-bone axis for synergistic bone, vasculature, and nanofibrous nerve regeneration.Smart molecules : open access · 2026Article
- Biofabrication for complex tissue regeneration: a scoping review of translational gaps in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Review
- Advances in 3D Printed Scaffolds for Periodontal Regeneration.Current oral health reports · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Regeneration of critical-sized bone defects remains a major clinical challenge. Solely promoting osteogenesis is inadequate, because vasculature and neural innervation are critical for establishing the bone regenerative microenvironment. Objective: For the first time, the present study developed 3D bio-printed hydrogel microfibers (aMF) encapsulating human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) in a tri-culture system in calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffold with a two-stage metformin release for regeneration of nerve, vasculature, and bone. Materials and methods: This tri-culture system consisted of hPDLSCs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (hUVECs), and pericytes (PCs). Moreover, we employed 3D-bioprinted aMF in CPC scaffold with a controlled two-stage release system for metformin release to promote bone, vasculature, and nerve regeneration. Results: Our innovative construct increased the regenerated amounts of bone, vasculature and nerve significantly by 2.5-fold, 3-fold, and 3.5-fold, respectively, than control group, in cranial defects in rats. Conclusion: This novel hPDLSCs tri-culture system in aMF-CPC scaffold with two-stage metformin release is highly promising for the regeneration of all three tissues of bone, vasculature, and nerves in a wide range of craniofacial and orthopedic applications.
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Registered trials
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