ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2025
Are protein substitutes available in Italy for infants with inherited metabolic diseases all the same?
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Inherited metabolic diseases (IMDs) represent a major clinical challenge, especially during the neonatal and infant periods. They require tailored and long-term nutritional management to ensure proper growth and development. Protein substitutes are essential in the dietary treatment of IMDs, particularly aminoacidopathies, organic acidemias, and urea cycle disorders. In Italy, a variety of PSs is available for infants with IMDs requiring a controlled protein and/or amino acid intake; however, differences in their nutritional composition may impact clinical outcomes. This study aims to examine and compare the nutritional composition of infant PSs (IPSs) available on the Italian market, focusing on macronutrients, micronutrients, and functional components. Methods: The analysis targets products used in the dietary management of aminoacidopathies, organic acidemias, and urea cycle disorders during the first year of life. We compared the nutritional composition of products intended for healthy infants, considering the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/127 and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/128. Phenylketonuria is excluded from this analysis, as it has been recently addressed in another paper. Results: For each condition, there are only two products available, except for isovaleric aciduria and urea cycle disorders, which have only one product. The results indicate higher energy, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acid content (+9%, +55%, and +290% compared to the maximum reference value), and lower levels of lactose, vitamin D, choline, selenium, and iodine (-92%, -34%, -37%, -12%, and -39% compared to the minimum reference value) for several IPSs. The analysis revealed the presence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in all IPSs, while half of them contain arachidonic acid (ARA). Discussion: This study represents the first comprehensive comparison of the nutritional profiles of IPSs for IMDs on the Italian market. The results identify potential areas for optimization, aiming to provide adequate levels of micronutrients, essential fatty acids, and functional ingredients, such as biotics, to support gut health, immune function, and neurodevelopment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.