Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40490478›Full record

ArticleScientific data2025

Comparable 2022 General Election Advertising Datasets from Meta and Google.

Meiqing Zhang, Furkan Cakmak, Markus Neumann, Sebastian Zimmeck, Pavel Oleinikov, Jielu Yao, Harry Yu, Aleks Jacewicz, Isabella Tassone, Breeze Floyd and 4 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific data, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Meiqing Zhang *Wesleyan University, Wesleyan Media Project, Middletown, 06459, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3722-1865
Furkan Cakmak *Wesleyan University, Wesleyan Media Project, Middletown, 06459, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7895-5689
Markus NeumannDuke Kunshan University, Division of Social Sciences, Kunshan, 215316, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9681-4003
Sebastian ZimmeckWesleyan University, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Middletown, 06459, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2500-2681
Pavel OleinikovWesleyan University, Hazel Quantitative Analysis Center, Middletown, 06459, USA.
Jielu YaoNational University of Singapore, East Asian Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
Harry YuWesleyan University, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Middletown, 06459, USA.
Aleks JacewiczWesleyan University, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Middletown, 06459, USA.
Isabella TassoneWesleyan University, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Middletown, 06459, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-6743-839X
Breeze FloydWesleyan University, Wesleyan Media Project, Middletown, 06459, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0008-2493-295X
Laura BaumWesleyan University, Wesleyan Media Project, Middletown, 06459, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4789-0402
Michael M FranzBowdoin College, Government and Legal Studies, Brunswick, 04011, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5996-075X
Travis N RidoutWashington State University, School of Politics, Philosophy, and Public Affairs, Pullman, 99164, USA.
Erika Franklin FowlerWesleyan University, Government Department, Middletown, 06459, USA. efowler@wesleyan.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3141-572X

Funding

National Science Foundation (NSF) 2235006National Science Foundation (NSF) 2235007National Science Foundation (NSF) 2235008
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper introduces two comprehensive datasets containing information on digital ads in U.S. federal elections from Meta (including Facebook and Instagram) and Google (including YouTube) for the 2022 midterm general election period. We collected ads published on these platforms utilizing their ad transparency libraries and web scraping techniques and added labels to make them more comparable. The collected data underwent processing to extract audiovisual and textual information through automatic speech recognition (ASR), face recognition, and optical character recognition (OCR). Additionally, we performed several classification tasks to enhance the utility of the dataset. The resulting datasets encompass a rich array of features, including metadata, transcripts, and classifications. These datasets provide valuable resources for researchers, policymakers, and journalists to analyze the digital election advertising landscape, campaign strategies, and public engagement. By offering detailed and structured data, our work facilitates diverse reuse possibilities in fields such as political science, communication studies, and data science, enabling comprehensive analysis and insights into the dynamics of digital political campaigns.

Identifiers

PMID40490478
PMCPMC12149306

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.