ArticleMicrosystems & nanoengineering2025
Application of pulse width modulation control in EHD waveform to optimize printing performance.
Article in Microsystems & nanoengineering, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Electrohydrodynamic printing technology: mechanisms, control, and applications.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
High-resolution 3D printing, particularly electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing, represents a transformative approach for advanced manufacturing applications, including wearable electronics, bioelectronics, and soft robotics. Despite its potential, EHD printing faces challenges such as complex waveform control, limited material compatibility, satellite droplet formation, and continuous charge accumulation. To address these issues, the use of pulse-width modulation (PWM) control is proposed to enhance EHD printing performance. The influence of duty cycles and pulse subdivisions on EHD printing was systematically investigated through experiments and simulations, analyzing their effects on jetting dynamics, droplet formation, charge accumulation, and line quality. The results demonstrate that PWM modulation significantly improves jetting stability, reduces droplet diameter by up to 25%, minimizes satellite droplet formation, and effectively mitigates charge accumulation. Furthermore, PWM control was shown to facilitate the production of high-quality patterns. Notably, the proposed PWM approach is compatible with existing waveform control setups, offering enhanced precision and stability without requiring substantial modifications. These findings underscore the potential of PWM-controlled EHD printing for achieving high-resolution, versatile manufacturing in electronics and functional device production.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.