Trial reportEuropean journal of sport science2025
Different Carbohydrate Ingestion Patterns Do Not Affect Physiological Responses, Whole-Body Substrate Oxidation or Gastrointestinal Comfort in Cycling.
Trial report in European journal of sport science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic and critical review of measurement scales for evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms during exercise.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- From Metabolism to Medals: Contemporary Perspectives and Revisiting Carbohydrate Guidelines for Fueling Endurance Athletes during Exercise.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fuelling during endurance exercise has evolved towards greater amounts of carbohydrates (CHO) ingested per hour, which can prove challenging for athletes. However, the effects of different CHO ingestion patterns during exercise have scarcely been investigated in cycling. 20 recreationally active males cycled for 180 min at lactate threshold on two occasions in a randomised counterbalanced order. Participants consumed 90 g/h of CHO, either as 22.5 g every 15 min or 45 g every 30 min (CHO-15 and CHO-30, respectively). Respiratory gases, blood glucose, lactate, heart rate, RPE and gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed every 15 min. Physiological responses showed no difference between conditions or significant interactions, except for blood glucose which saw a greater increase in CHO-15 during the first 30 min (interaction; p = 0.03). Whole body CHO and fat oxidation were not different between conditions (2.38 ± 0.37 and 2.33 ± 0.39 g/min, p = 0.25 and 0.19 ± 0.07 vs. 0.22 ± 0.08 g/min, p = 0.10 for CHO-15 and CHO-30, respectively). Subjective markers of gastrointestinal symptoms did not differ between conditions (p > 0.05) except for urge to defecate (p = 0.05); however, only 1 participant reported a score > 4 across any symptoms. Ingesting a larger CHO amount at less regular intervals during prolonged cycling had minimal impact on physiological responses to exercise, whole-body substrate oxidation and gut discomfort, allowing athletes to freely select their preferred strategy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.