Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40488982›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurovirology2025

Integrative analysis reveals human endogenous retroviruses-linked immune signatures in schizophrenia.

Mohammad Karimzadeh, Faranak Zakizadeh, Farah Bokharaei-Salim, Victoria Omranifard, Soroor Kiani, Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh

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Article in Journal of neurovirology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Mohammad KarimzadehBehavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Faranak ZakizadehDepartment of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Farah Bokharaei-SalimDepartment of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Victoria OmranifardDepartment of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Soroor KianiDepartment of Psychology, Falagh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
Mohammad Hossein RazizadehDepartment of Genetics, Genomics and Cancer Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. Razizadeh.mh@gmail.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder with multifactorial etiologies, including genetic components. The role of Human endogenous retroviruses has been suggested in schizophrenia pathogenesis. This study aims to identify and analyze the shared genetic components between schizophrenia and Human endogenous retroviruses through bioinformatics approaches. Genes associated with schizophrenia and Human endogenous retroviruses were identified and analyzed for overlap. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed, followed by hub gene selection using various algorithms. Functional enrichment analyses were conducted to determine biological processes and pathways involved. Transcription factors and miRNA networks were built to investigate gene regulation. Drug and chemical interactions were examined, and gene-disease associations were assessed. Also, gene expression levels in different brain regions and brain and blood cells were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was done to evaluate the association of hub genes with schizophrenia. A total of 345 genes were found common between schizophrenia and Human endogenous retroviruses. Six hub genes (AKT1, CD4, CD8A, IL6, STAT1, and TNF) were identified. Gene ontology and pathway analyses indicated immune system involvement. Gene expression analysis showed differential expression patterns in blood and brain cells. IL6 and TNF were significantly upregulated in schizophrenia patients, while AKT1 exhibited downregulation. Logistic regression revealed IL6 and TNF as risk factors, whereas AKT1 showed protective effects. This study found key genetic interactions between schizophrenia and endogenous human retroviruses, with hub genes playing significant roles in immune signaling and neuroinflammation. These findings introduce potential targets for therapeutic interventions in schizophrenia.

Indexed as

Endogenous RetrovirusesSchizophreniaBrainComputational BiologyGene Expression RegulationGene Regulatory NetworksHumansInterleukin-6MaleMicroRNAsProtein Interaction MapsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktSTAT1 Transcription FactorTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaAKT1 protein, humanIL6 protein, humanInterleukin-6MicroRNAsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktSTAT1 protein, humanSTAT1 Transcription FactorTNF protein, humanTumor Necrosis Factor-alphaBioinformaticsHuman endogenous retrovirusesNeuroinflammationNeurovirologySchizophrenia

Identifiers

PMID40488982

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.