Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40488956›Full record

ArticleInternational ophthalmology2025

Prevalence of ocular allergy among adults in Trinidad and Tobago: A cross-sectional study.

Ngozika Esther Ezinne, Tarekegn Cheklie, Jolyne Coward, CSveta Clarke, Dilanna Clopton, Aiesha Colthrust, Darianne Constantine, Anamika Cordner, Richard Dabiedeen, Pavana Dalsou

Abstract readMulticenter Study
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In one paragraph

Article in International ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Ngozika Esther EzinneOptometry Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. ezinne.ngozi@gmail.com.
Tarekegn CheklieDepartment of Optometry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Jolyne CowardDepartment of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
CSveta ClarkeDepartment of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Dilanna CloptonDepartment of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Aiesha ColthrustDepartment of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Darianne ConstantineDepartment of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Anamika CordnerDepartment of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Richard DabiedeenDepartment of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
Pavana DalsouDepartment of Clinical Surgical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOcular allergy (OA) is a significant public health concern, but its prevalence remains underreported due to underdiagnosis. This study aims to determine the prevalence of OA among adults in Trinidad and Tobago.

methodA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire to assess OA prevalence. Sociodemographic, environmental, and systemic characteristics of participants were also evaluated. Data was analyzed using SPSS with both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, including bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression.

resultsA total of 591 participants completed the survey with majority (73.6%) as female and aged 18-24 years (50.1%). The overall prevalence of OA was 41.6% (95% CI, 37.2-45.0), with seasonal OA being the most common (80.1%). OA symptoms were most prevalent in spring (62.1%), with light sensitivity reported by 57.7% of participants. Bi-variable analysis identified asthma, allergic rhinitis, pollen allergy, and exposure to environmental factors such as cigarettes and air conditioning as associated with OA. Multivariable analysis confirmed these associations, with significant p-values for asthma (0.017), allergic rhinitis (0.035), pollen allergy (< 0.001), mite allergy (0.038), cigarettes (0.006), air conditioning (< 0.001), and OA awareness (< 0.001).

conclusionThere is a high prevalence of OA among adults in Trinidad and Tobago, with systemic and environmental allergens playing a significant role. Interventions to reduce exposure to allergens, such as using indoor air filters and managing allergic conditions, could help mitigate OA prevalence. Regular assessment of patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma for OA is recommended.

Indexed as

Conjunctivitis, AllergicAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceSurveys and QuestionnairesTrinidad and TobagoYoung AdultAdultsItchingOcular allergyPopulationTrinidad and Tobago

Identifiers

PMID40488956

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.