ArticleApoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death2025
Exosome-mediated triple drug delivery enhances apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.
Article in Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multi-layered integrated shielding: engineering ferroptosis-resistant mesenchymal stem cells for precision therapy of intervertebral disc degeneration.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Regulators of progression and suppression in pancreatic cancer (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Orchestrating Tumor Metastasis: Exosomes as Master Regulators of the Local and Distant Microenvironment.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Cancer-derived exosomes: mediators of immune crosstalk and emerging targets for immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive tract. Gemcitabine (GEM) is a first-line chemotherapeutic agent for unresectable PC, but systemic distribution of the drug, drug resistance, and clinical side effects undermine its efficacy. This study utilized bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-EXOs) as a delivery vehicle for a triple-drug combination (galectin-9 siRNA/DOGEM/indocyanine green) to improve synergistic therapy against PC. Galectin-9 siRNA, prodrug DOGEM, and ICG were loaded into BMSC-Exos by electroporation and vortexing to prepare nanoformulations (iEXO-DG-ICG). iEXO-DG-ICG had an average size of 132 ± 2.6 nm and its release rate in pH 6.0 medium was all faster than in pH 7.4 medium. The cytotoxicity of iEXO-DG-ICG against PANC-02 cells was stronger than free GEM both in vitro and in vivo. The protein expression of galectin-9 in tumor cells decreased by 79% after treatment with iEXO-DG-ICG, and the proportions of CD8⁺ T cells and IFN-γ⁺ CD8⁺ T cells increased while the proportions of Tregs decreased. The tumor inhibition rate of iEXO-DG-ICG was 90.3%. The present study successfully constructed a multimodal delivery system, designated iEXO-DG-ICG, using EXO derived from BM-MSCs as carriers. This system exhibited good tumor targeting and pH-responsive release characteristics. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that iEXO-DG-ICG significantly enhanced anti-tumor effects through the synergistic effect of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and phototherapy. These findings provide a new strategy and a research foundation for the clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.