Individual and demographic responses of the palm

Background: The leaves of many palm species represent important non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which may be intensively harvested by local people in many tropical areas. Additionally, in some regions livestock graze in natural forests, and they may browse on palm leaves, especially during the dry season. Thus, harvesting and browsing can result in the loss of leaf area of individual palms, which may alter functional traits of individuals and change demographic patterns of populations. Currently, there are few studies that analyze the effects of multiple disturbances on these traits. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of browsing, leaf harvesting and the interaction between these two factors on individual traits and demographic patterns of the Methods: A browsing and leaf harvesting experiment was conducted on natural populations of the species. Individuals were subjected to different harvesting intensities and the presence or absence of cattle. Annual censuses were conducted from 2011 to 2014, and individual traits (leaf length, petiole length, and leaf production) and vital rates were monitored. Results: At the individual level, the analyzed traits mostly increased as function of leaf harvest and browing, especially during the first two years. Palms experiencing leaf harvesting and browsing had 1.5 to 6.0 times higher levels of leaf production than control palms, especially juveniles and small adults. At the demographic level, the effects of browsing and leaf harvest were low or null, since survival was not affected by them. Browsing positively affected the growth of