ReviewThe British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science2025
One size does not fit all: how type of menopause and hormone therapy matters for brain health.
Review in The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dietary phytoestrogen ameliorates ovarian toxicant-induced neurotoxicity: mechanistic and metabolic insights.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Estradiol, Emotion Regulation, and the Limbic System: Effects on Gray Matter Volume.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Women's reproductive factors predict local brain aging profiles mapped using deep neural networks.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Reproductive lifespan and hormonal therapy in relation to later-life neurovascular health: A population-based study of women in the Gothenburg H70-1944 Birth Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Thioredoxin-1 Regulates Microglia Polarization to Ameliorate Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment Following Tumor-Therapeutic Ovariectomy.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Article
- Sex hormones in the nucleus incertus: a novel perspective on sex/gender differences in memory and mood dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Women's health research funding in Canada across 15 years suggests low funding levels with a narrow focus.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Association Between Menopause Age and Estradiol-Based Hormone Therapy With Cognitive Performance in Cognitively Normal Women in the CLSA.Neurology · 2025Observational
- Reproductive aging in biological females: mechanisms and immediate consequences.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Hormonal and laboratory predictors of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic ischemic events: a SHAP-enhanced logistic regression approach.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundMenopause is an inflection point in the ageing trajectory. Independent of chronological age, menopause is associated with the biological ageing of several body systems. In this review, we highlight the importance of considering the influence of menopause - its types, symptoms and interventions - on brain health. Supplementing the loss of ovarian hormones with menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) may be key for supporting the healthy brain ageing of females. MHT has been associated with reduced risk of several neurodegenerative diseases; however, its benefits are not always observed on brain health.
aimsThis narrative review highlights often overlooked MHT factors that influence its effects to produce positive or negative effects on brain health, cognition and neurodegenerative disease risk. These factors include the many varieties of MHT, including formulation, administration route and dosing schedule, as well as individual characteristics, particularly the presence of vasomotor symptoms and apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE4) genotype.
methodPubMed and Scopus were used to identify articles with relevant search terms.
resultsMenopause factors, including age, abruptness and symptoms, influence brain ageing. MHT influences brain health, with transdermal MHT showing more positive effects on brain ageing, but its effectiveness may depend on individual factors such as genotype, reproductive and lifestyle factors.
conclusionsTo develop effective and individualised MHT treatments, further research is needed. Preclinical models must consider the type of human menopause and MHT. To achieve the greatest dementia prevention in females, more menopause education and care is needed that extends beyond 60 years of age, or 10 years postmenopause.
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