SynthesisBMC medicine2025
Microbiota boost immunotherapy? A meta-analysis dives into fecal microbiota transplantation and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Synthesis in BMC medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Gut microbial signatures and immunotherapy outcomes in NSCLC and melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Modulating the gut microbiome to enhance cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis of probiotics and FMT as adjuncts.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Review
- Global research trends in fecal microbiota transplantation combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy: a bibliometric analysis.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiome-Driven Strategies to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance in Microsatellite-Stable Colorectal Cancer.Cancers · 2026Review
- Cancer drug response and resistance: molecular mechanisms and combating strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Regulation of PD-1PD-L1 Immune Checkpoints by Gut Microbiota Metabolites and Their Clinical Translational Research: A Review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- The Role of Gut Microbiome in Prostate Cancer: Current Evidence and Emerging Opportunities.Cancers · 2026Review
- Across the Social Network of the Gut: Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Determinants of Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy and Toxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Reprogramming the tumor immune microenvironment in cervical cancer: synergy between radiotherapy and immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
- Orchestrating the gut microbiota-mitochondrial-immune axis in gynecological diseases: mechanisms and dual-targeting therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- The microbiome-EBV axis in carcinogenesis bridges commensal influence and viral oncogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of microbiome-immune interactions in bladder cancer and targeted regulatory strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The role of the microbiome in gynecological cancers: implications for diagnosis and treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- COPD-Lung Cancer Comorbidity: Mechanistic Insights and Precision Oncology Implications.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Review
- Multi-Kingdom Gut Microbiome Interaction Characteristics Predict Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy Across Pan-Cancer Cohorts.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Engineered natural killer cells for cancer therapy.Cancer cell · 2025Review
- Fusobacterium in the microbiome: from health to disease across the oral-gut axis and beyond.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a cornerstone of modern cancer treatment, but their effectiveness is limited. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which alters the gut microbiome, has shown promise in enhancing ICIs' therapeutic effects.
methodsWe conducted a comprehensive search of relevant studies available up to September 30, 2024, to analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of combining FMT with ICIs in cancer treatment. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR), with secondary evaluations of survival outcomes and safety.
resultsA total of 10 studies involving 164 patients with solid tumors were included. The pooled ORR was 43% (95% CI: 0.35-0.51). Subgroup analysis revealed that the combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies was associated with a significantly higher ORR (60%) compared to anti-PD-1 monotherapy (37%; P = 0.01). The incidence of grade 1-2 adverse events (AEs) was 42% (95% CI: 0.32-0.52), while grade 3-4 AEs occurred in 37% of patients (95% CI: 0.28-0.46).
conclusionsThis meta-analysis provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of FMT as a strategy to enhance the efficacy of ICIs in patients with advanced or refractory solid tumors. However, larger-scale randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are required to confirm and optimize treatment protocols.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.