SynthesisSports medicine - open2025
Biomechanical, Physiological and Anthropometric Determinants of Backstroke Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Sports medicine - open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Age-Related Breakpoints in Pacing Variability and Performance in Masters Swimmers: A Segmented Regression Analysis of World Championship Male and Female Data.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Nonlinear interaction between stroke length and stroke rate in elite swimming.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- The Associations Between the Swimming Speed, Anthropometrics, Kinematics, and Kinetics in the Butterfly Stroke.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Impact of course length on swimming performance across age groups and swimming strokes.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Determinants of pre-adolescent girls' sport performance in three-year swimming training.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBackstroke swimming is one of the four competitive strokes contested at international swimming events, and the second-slowest stroke after breaststroke. Achieving success in competition depends on the intricate interplay of various factors, and for top-ranked athletes, subtle differences can be decisive in determining the race outcome. The aim of this study is to identify the main energetic, biomechanical, and physiological factors influencing elite backstroke swimming performance in 50, 100, and 200-m events.
methodsThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies. A literature search on 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) was finalised on September 26, 2024.
resultsA total of 938 studies were identified, and finally 35 studies met the inclusion criteria. The swimmers (n = 507 participants, n = 188 women) were classified as Tier 3 (Highly Trained/National Level) or Tier 4 (International Level). Studies included exhibited a low risk of bias following the Hindle scale (11 ± 2 points). All the studies were observational. Reference values have been provided with normative blood lactate, kinematics, race pace, performance testing and anthropometric characteristics for comparison purposes in 50, 100, and 200-m events. Post-race blood lactate concentrations were lower in the 50 m compared to the 100 m and 200 m events. Differences were evident in stroke rate (SR) reference ranges between events (50 m, 100 m, 200 m), anthropometric profiles (swimmers' height and hand, foot, and leg length), and pacing profiles (50 m: all-out trend; 100 m: positive profile; 200 m: parabolic approach or fast-track strategy).
conclusionsThere is a distinctive physiological and biomechanical pattern for distances from 50-m to 200-m in backstroke swimming. The data provide athletes and coaches with normative reference values for blood lactate, kinematics, race pace, and anthropometric measures.
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