ArticleInternal and emergency medicine2026
Violence in emergency services and preventative measures: results from an online survey from Germany.
Article in Internal and emergency medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Reducing workplace violence in emergency medical services: a Finnish Delphi study to develop prevention guidelines.International journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Violence in emergency medical services (EMS) presents a critical issue, yet data on its extent and on effective preventative measures are lacking. We aim to explore violence experiences and opportunities for prevention from the actor-centered perspective of EMS workers in Bavaria, Germany. We conducted a questionnaire-based online survey of EMS workers (September 2023-January 2024), comprising standardized items and open questions on experiences and perceptions of workplace violence. In this context, we collected data on requested preventive measures. Mixed-methods analysis was applied, including descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis. Of 224 completed questionnaires, 38.4% reported to have experienced physical and 57.6% non-physical violence at work during the past 12 months. Experiences of physical violence were associated with the female gender, while non-physical violence showed an inverse association with age and seniority. Participants also reported physical (0.022%) and non-physical violence (17.9%) from colleagues. Only a third noted that there are established reporting procedures for violent incidents in their workplace, thereof over a third had refrained from submitting a report despite experiencing violence. Among the most effective and urgently requested preventive measures, respondents listed communication-based de-escalation and crisis management as well as improvement of working conditions including managers' leadership competencies. Results' interpretation is impeded by the limited response. Physical and non-physical violence are prevalent in the workplace context of EMS in Germany. An improvement in the working conditions, which should include transparent and effective reporting mechanisms as well as communication-based prevention strategies is explicitly requested by employees.
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