Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40481217›Full record

ArticleNature human behaviour2025

Feature-based encoding of face identity by single neurons in the human amygdala and hippocampus.

Runnan Cao, Jinge Wang, Chujun Lin, Emanuela De Falco, Alina Peter, Hernan G Rey, Peter Brunner, Jon T Willie, James J DiCarlo, Alexander Todorov and 4 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature human behaviour, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Concept Cells and the Neural Bases of Human Memory.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Runnan CaoDepartment of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA. r.cao@wustl.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5827-9903
Jinge Wang *Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Chujun Lin *Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7605-6508
Emanuela De Falco *Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, Lausanne, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2275-7229
Alina Peter *Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Hernan G ReyDepartment of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Peter BrunnerDepartment of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
Jon T WillieDepartment of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9565-4338
James J DiCarloDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1592-5896
Alexander TodorovBooth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Ueli RutishauserDepartments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Xin LiDepartment of Computer Science, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2067-2763
Nicholas J BrandmeirDepartment of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Shuo WangDepartment of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA. shuowang@wustl.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-0225

Funding

Training and DisseminationP41EB018783 · NIBIB · WADSWORTH CENTER · PI Yi Chen · 2014 to 2026
$15.4M
An Ecosystem of Technology and Protocols for Adaptive Neuromodulation Research in HumansU01NS128612 · NINDS · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI Peter Brunner, Kai Miller · 2022 to 2026
$4.5M
BCI2000: Software Resource for Adaptive Neurotechnology ResearchU24NS109103 · NINDS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BRUNNER, PETER · 2019 to 2024
$2.8M
Model-Based Investigation of Aberrant Neural Face Representation in AutismR01MH129426 · NIMH · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Shuo Wang · 2022 to 2026
$1.9M
Mechanisms of Amygdala-Mediated Memory Enhancement in HumansR01MH120194 · NIMH · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI WILLIE, JON TIMOTHY · 2020 to 2024
$1.8M
BCI2000+: A Software Platform for Adaptive NeurotechnologiesR01EB026439 · NIBIB · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BRUNNER, PETER · 2018 to 2022
$1.5M
Dynamics and Causal Functions of Large-Scale Cortical and Subcortical NetworksU01NS108916 · NINDS · WADSWORTH CENTER · PI WOLPAW, JONATHAN RICKEL · 2018 to 2019
$1.4M
Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to mitigate subarachnoid hemorrhage induced inflammationR21NS128307 · NINDS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BRUNNER, PETER, LEUTHARDT, ERIC CLAUDE · 2023 to 2024
$428k
Delineating the neural computational network for object recognitionK99EY036650 · NEI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI CAO, RUNNAN · 2024 to 2025
$228k
NEI NIH HHS K99 EY036650NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB018783NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB026439NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH120194NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH129426NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS128307NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS108916NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS128612NINDS NIH HHS U24 NS109103
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neurons in the human amygdala and hippocampus are classically thought to encode a person's identity invariant to visual features. However, it remains largely unknown how visual information from higher visual cortical areas is translated into such a semantic representation of an individual person. Here, across four experiments (3,581 neurons from 19 neurosurgical patients over 111 sessions), we demonstrate a region-based feature code for faces, where neurons encode faces on the basis of shared visual features rather than associations of known concepts, contrary to prevailing views. Feature neurons encode groups of faces regardless of their identity, broad semantic categories or familiarity; and the coding regions (that is, receptive fields) predict feature neurons' response to new face stimuli. Together, our results reveal a new class of neurons that bridge perception-driven representation of facial features with mnemonic semantic representations, which may form the basis for declarative memory.

Indexed as

AmygdalaFacial RecognitionHippocampusNeuronsAdultFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedRecognition, PsychologySemanticsYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID40481217
PMCPMC12240612

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.