Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40481112›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Impact of addition of polyvinyl chloride on the properties of clayey soil using experimental approach and optimization for geotechnical engineering applications.

Ghania Boukhatem, Said Berdoudi, Messaouda Bencheikh, Mohammed Benzerara, Mehmet Serkan Kırgız, N Nagaprasad, Krishnaraj Ramaswamy

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Ghania BoukhatemMaterials Geomaterials and Environment Laboratory (LMGE), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Badji-Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O.Box 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
Said BerdoudiLAVAMINE Laboratory, Department of Mining, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Badji-Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O.Box 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
Messaouda BencheikhCivil Engineering and Hydraulics Laboratory (LGCH), Faculty of Science and Technology, 8 Mai 1945 University, 24000, Guelma, Algeria.
Mohammed BenzeraraMaterials Geomaterials and Environment Laboratory (LMGE), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Badji-Mokhtar-Annaba University, P.O.Box 12, 23000, Annaba, Algeria.
Mehmet Serkan KırgızDepartment of Civil, Architectural and Construction Engineering and Management, Academia of ACMCEN, 4017, Beaverton, OR, 97075, USA.
N NagaprasadDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, ULTRA College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu, 625104, India.
Krishnaraj RamaswamyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia. prof.dr.krishnaraj@dadu.edu.et.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In geotechnical engineering, soil stabilization is essential for improving the properties of clayey soils in infrastructure projects. This study explores the use of response surface methodology to optimize the utilization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste as a stabilizing agent in proportions ranging from 2.5 to 30%. The percentages of clay and PVC served as input parameters, while the outputs included the CBR index, compressibility coefficient (Cc), swelling coefficient (Cs), and swelling pressure (Ps). Experimental results showed that replacing up to 30% of clay soil with the PVC improved key properties, such as the methylene blue value which had a relative decrease of 24.9%, consistency limits (LL, LP, and IP) underwent significant reductions of approximately 15.94%, 13.44%, and 17.2%, respectively, compaction parameters OMC and MDD show reductions of 52.38% and 10.32%, and consolidation characteristics Cc, Cs, and Ps show significant reductions of 92.55%, 43.64%, and 77.04%. For mechanical performance, including soaked CBR with a significant increase of 159.69% and penetration pressure, a 10% PVC replacement was identified as optimal. A quadratic predictive model was developed to optimize these responses, achieving a high coefficient of determination (R

Indexed as

Clayey soilsGeotechnical characteristicsPolyvinyl chlorideResponse surface methodologySoil stabilization

Identifiers

PMID40481112
PMCPMC12144229

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.