Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40481090›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Spatial distribution and population structure of the invasive Anopheles stephensi in Kenya from 2022 to 2024.

Jeanne N Samake, Duncan K Athinya, Sylvia Milanoi, Edith Ramaita, Margaret Muchoki, Seline Omondi, Bernard Abong'o, Damaris Matoke-Muhia, Charles Mbogo, Kibor Keitany and 18 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Prioritizing urban water-storage containers for molecular surveillance of invasiveCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. The origin, invasion history and resistance architecture ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

28 authors.

Jeanne N Samake *US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2391-6583
Duncan K Athinya *Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-0448
Sylvia MilanoiCentre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-910X
Edith RamaitaNational Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
Margaret MuchokiCentre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0008-2734-8185
Seline OmondiCentre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.
Bernard Abong'oCentre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5038-604X
Damaris Matoke-MuhiaCentre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7737-8069
Charles MbogoPan African Mosquito Control Association, Nairobi, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5335-6551
Kibor KeitanyNational Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
Wolfgang Richard MukabanaDepartment of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
Florence OyiekeDepartment of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
Mildred ShieshiaUS President's Malaria Initiative, US Agency for International Development, Nairobi, Kenya.
Monica MburuPMI Evolve Kenya, Abt Global Inc., Kisumu, Kenya.
Sheila OgomaPMI Evolve Kenya, Abt Global Inc., Kisumu, Kenya.
Elizabeth NyawiraPMI Evolve Kenya, Abt Global Inc., Kisumu, Kenya.
Celestine WekesaPMI Evolve Kenya, Abt Global Inc., Kisumu, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-4968-2933
Brian BartilolKEMRI-Wellcome Trust, Kilifi, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8249-6833
Martin RonoKEMRI-Wellcome Trust, Kilifi, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7255-821X
Marta MaiaKEMRI-Wellcome Trust, Kilifi, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3302-5610
Wendy O'MearaDuke University, Durham, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9455-3965
Samuel KahindiDepartment of Biological Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.
Cristina RaffertyUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-5524
Jonathan S SchultzUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Kisumu, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-5333
Julie R GutmanCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
John E GimnigUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4218-447X
Sarah ZohdyUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5316-0567
Eric OchomoCentre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya. ericochomo@yahoo.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-4970

Funding

Gates Foundation INV-024969
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study analyzes the distribution, genetic diversity, and spread of Anopheles stephensi in Kenya following initial detection in December 2022. A total of 114 larval and 33 adult An. stephensi samples were confirmed in 7 of 18 surveyed counties majorly along transportation routes. Genetic analyses revealed three distinct genetic compositions with different levels of genetic diversity, suggesting multiple introductions into the country. The genetic composition of mosquitoes in most counties resembled southern Ethiopian populations, while those from Turkana showed a unique haplotype. A species distribution model predicts a more extensive range than currently observed, with low precipitation and minimal seasonal temperature variations as key factors influencing distribution. Challenges in adult sampling were noted, with larval sampling revealing co-occurrence with native Anopheles species. The findings have implications for surveillance and control strategies, emphasizing the need for continued monitoring, refined sampling techniques to inform bionomics, and cross-border collaboration.

Indexed as

Animal DistributionAnophelesIntroduced SpeciesAnimalsGenetic VariationHaplotypesKenyaLarvaMosquito VectorsAnopheles stephensiKenyaPopulation structureSpatial distribution

Identifiers

PMID40481090
PMCPMC12144165

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.