ReviewFrontiers in oncology2025
The pivotal role of tertiary lymphoid structures in the tumor immune microenvironment.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- TLS as Predictors and Targets in Neoadjuvant Chemoimmunotherapy for NSCLC.Thoracic cancer · 2026Review
- Beyond TLS Presence: A Functional Framework Integrating Maturity, Location, and Immune Context.Cancers · 2026Review
- Digital Pathology and the AI-Based Quantification of the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Cancer: From Tumor Budding and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes to Tertiary Lymphoid Structures.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Tertiary lymphoid structures in genitourinary cancers: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The dysregulation of the immune microenvironment during endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia serves as a marker of endometrial carcinogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Emerging Role of B Cells and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Bladder Cancer.Current urology reports · 2025Review
- Spatial patterns and prognostic relevance of CD1aCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Exploring the Pivotal Functions of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer Prognosis and Immunotherapy Outcomes.Cancers · 2025Review
- Spatial profiling of HPV-stratified head and neck squamous cell carcinoma reveals distinct immune niches and microenvironmental architectures.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Heterogeneity of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Plasma Cells in PDAC with and Without Lymph Node Metastasis.Cancers · 2025Article
- Immuno-Oncology at the Crossroads: Confronting Challenges in the Quest for Effective Cancer Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Peri-tumoural lymphocyte neighbourhoods predict longer survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Innate lymphoid cells in the spotlight: from biomarkers to blueprint for innovative immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Microbial metabolites and their influence on the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid structures that form in non-lymphoid tissues in response to chronic inflammatory stimulation. Structurally and functionally resembling lymph nodes, TLS are primarily composed of B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and other immune cell populations. Critically, TLS serve as direct sites for initiating anti-tumor immune responses. Within tumors, TLS facilitate the accumulation of immune cells-particularly effector subsets such as cytotoxic T cells and antibody-producing B cells-in the tumor microenvironment, thereby establishing a localized hub for both cellular and humoral immunity. This localized immune activation correlates with improved patient prognosis and enhanced responses to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the organization, formation drivers, detection markers, and the interplay between TLS and tumor-associated genes. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of TLS as biomarkers for immunotherapy efficacy and their translational clinical applications.
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