ArticleBMC public health2025
Exploring physical, sexual and mental health consequences of gender-based violence among women and girls during conflict in Tigray, Ethiopia.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Mental Distress and Associated Factors Among Women Who Experienced Gender Based Violence in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CarePooled it
- Geopsychiatry and the complex mental health challenges of conflict: a review examining local and distal psychiatric outcomes in a fractured world.Neuropsychiatrie : Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation : Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater · 2026Review
- Stakeholder Consensus on Strategies for Collaboration Between Traditional and Biomedical Mental Health Services in Post-Conflict Tigray, Ethiopia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
22 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundGender-based violence is becoming an increasing during conflict, with negative short and long-term consequences for the victims, their families, and communities. Since the eruption of war in November 2020 in Tigray, many women reported sexual violence. Thus, this study aimed to explore the physical, sexual and mental health consequences of gender-based violence among female survivors in severely war-affected areas of the Tigray region of Ethiopia.
methodsThis study employed mixed methods including quantitative and qualitative studies during the war in Tigray, Ethiopia. A total of 528 sexually abused women and girls were included in the quantitative study from a community-based survey conducted in August 2021. Moreover, six in-depth interviews with rape survivors were conducted to share their experiences. A standardized interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for the community survey and a semi-structured checklist recorded by audio was used for qualitative study. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson chi-square test were used to assess the relationship between health consequences, different socio-demographics, and types of sexual violence. Thematic analysis was performed after the recorded audios were transcribed.
resultsOf the survivors, 435 (82.4%) had been raped and 404 (76.5%) had experienced a triple trauma burden of sexual, physical, and psychological violence. Most survivors had experienced consequences ranging from mild (34.5%) to severe injuries (42.1%), mental health and behavioral problems (75.6%) like posttraumatic stress disorder (12.1%), stress (63.5%), anxiety (38.6%), depression (27.5%), sleeping disturbance (35.2%), nightmare (29.0), flashbacks and social isolation. More than one-fifth (21.8%) of rape survivors experienced sexual and reproductive health problems such as exposure to STIs, unwanted pregnancy, abortion, and HIV. Survivors encountered the worst rape scenarios such as gang rape by troops and combatants.
conclusionsSurvivors experienced severe forms of physical injuries, posttraumatic stress disorder, and sexual and reproductive health problems. Humanitarian agencies and civic organizations need to provide immediate medical and psychological support to victims to reduce further health consequences and harm.
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