ArticleBMC genomics2025
Molecular markers of reduced behavioral sensitivity to transfluthrin in Anopheles gambiae s.s. from Western Kenya.
Article in BMC genomics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Efficacy of volatile pyrethroid spatial repellents to reduce exposure to mosquito and sand fly vectors and human infection risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasites & vectors · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Portable experimental hut tents (PEHTs): a conceptual framework for improved malaria vector control decision-making with a review of fixed experimental hut sites in Africa.Parasites & vectors · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors threatens vector control efforts. The use of spatial repellent products (SR) containing volatile insecticides such as transfluthrin offer a promising complementary strategy to current vector control tools. Here, we employed whole transcriptome analysis to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying reduced behavioral sensitivity to transfluthrin in two pyrethroid-resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. Using a high-throughput screening system (HITSS), we evaluated 600 mosquitoes across three populations (Bungoma field population, the insecticide-resistant Pimperena lab strain, and the susceptible Kisumu lab strain), categorizing them as responders or non-responders based on their SR avoidance behavior. Non-responders exhibited significantly reduced repellency (spatial activity index < 0.1) at standard transfluthrin concentrations (0.0025 μg/ml).
resultsRNA sequencing of pooled samples (n = 10 mosquitoes per pool, three replicates per condition) revealed distinct transcriptional profiles between responders and non-responders. The cytochrome P450 gene CYP12F12 showed significant overexpression (FC = 36.6389, p < 0.001) in Bungoma non-responders, suggesting its potential role in transfluthrin metabolism. Additionally, we observed population-specific distributions of voltage-gated sodium channel mutations, with fixation of kdr L995F in Pimperena non-responders and elevated frequency (80-100%) of kdr L995S in Bungoma non-responders.
conclusionsThese findings provide the first molecular evidence linking both metabolic and target-site mechanisms to reduced behavioral sensitivity to transfluthrin in malaria vectors. The co-occurrence of CYP12F12 overexpression and kdr mutations suggests multiple resistance mechanisms may affect spatial repellent efficacy, highlighting the need for resistance monitoring in spatial repellent deployment strategies.
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