SynthesisJournal of neuroimmunology2025
An updated, comprehensive meta-analysis of the treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Analysis, equipoise, and the urgent need for evidence over anecdote.
Synthesis in Journal of neuroimmunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis outcomes in a population-based cohort.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Clinical Features and Biomarkers Associated With Intensive Care-Dependent Refractory NMDAR Encephalitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- D-serine ameliorates cognitive deficits by preserving neuronal and synaptic function in experimental anti-NMDAR encephalitis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Case Report: Sequential FcRn blockade and B-cell depletion for treatment-refractory relapsing autoimmune encephalitis: a three-patient case series.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Tocilizumab for critically ill patients with refractory anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in neuroimmune diseases: mechanistic rationale, clinical experience, and translational challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Clinical efficacy and immunomodulation of double-filtration plasmapheresis in autoimmune encephalitis: A prospective study highlighting the importance of timely initiation.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Article
- Medicare Part D Use and Costs for Immune-Mediated Neurologic Therapies.JAMA network open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere are no FDA-approved treatments for anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE), and no prospective, multicenter clinical trials have been completed to provide evidence for management of this disease. We evaluated changes in treatment strategies and outcomes since the previous comprehensive review in 2019.
methodsA systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed capturing manuscripts published from January 2019 through March 2024. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from articles containing individual immunotherapy data in NMDARE and were compared to a previously published literature review. Studies with ≥10 cases, ≥6 months follow-up, and outcomes reported as favorable (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] 0-2) and poor (mRS 3-5 or 3-6), were grouped and summarized by diagnosis period.
resultsAmong 649 patients from 321 articles, first- (from 91.3 % to 98.3 %, p < 0.001) and second-line (from 31.8 % to 42.5 %, p < 0.001) immunotherapy use has increased. The proportion of patients receiving immunotherapy within 30 days of symptom onset increased from 50.1 % to 72.5 % (p < 0.001). Favorable outcome (mRS 0-2) increased from 71.5 % to 76.7 % (p = 0.024), while mortality (6.3 % to 6.9 %, p = 0.714) and relapse rates (12.6 % vs. 13.2 %, p = 0.789) remained unchanged. Data from larger cohort studies of patients diagnosed with NMDARE after 2013 have reported wide variability in the proportion of patients achieving a favorable outcome at final follow-up, ranging from 56 % to 93 %, depending on the institution and follow-up duration.
conclusionsSince 2019, more patients have been treated early with first- and second-line immunotherapies. Functional outcomes have shown modest improvements, whereas mortality and relapse rates have remained unchanged.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.