ArticleJournal of molecular neuroscience : MN2025
Neuroinflammation Markers in Tear Fluid of Mild Alzheimer's Disease.
Article in Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Altered tear fluid protein expression in persons with mild cognitive impairment.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Ocular Surface Changes Associated with Neurological Diseases.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Early Gut Microbiome Alterations in Mild Cognitive Impairment Reflect Changes in Alzheimer Disease.Alzheimer disease and associated disordersArticle
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9 authors.
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Abstract
The protein composition of tear fluid (TF) reflects the severity and progression of many age-related diseases. Here, we evaluated TF proteins from patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitively healthy controls (CO) to explore potential new biomarker molecules. The aim of this study was to explore potential new biomarker molecules by examining the expression of TF proteins whose function is related to neuroinflammation. We examined 53 participants (34 COs, mean age 71 years, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 28.9 ± 1.4; 19 with AD, Clinical Dementia Rating 0.5-1, mean age 72 years, MMSE 23.8 ± 2.8). All participants underwent neurological status examination, cognitive testing, and ophthalmological examination. TF was collected using Schirmer strips, and TF protein content was evaluated using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and label-free quantification. We report 14 TF proteins that showed altered protein expression in the AD group compared to the CO group. Twelve proteins were significantly upregulated (SERPINA3, FGA, SIAS, ORM1, ANXA3, G6PI/NLK, CH3L2, MSLN, CPPED1, JCHAIN, IGHV5-51, SPARCL1) and two were downregulated (PIP, SCGB2A1) (p ≤ 0.05). Observed altered expression of TF proteins in the AD group may have potential in AD pathology. Since inflammation is one of the earliest signs of neurodegeneration in AD, these proteins are putative new biomarker candidates of early AD.
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