Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40471443›Full record

Observational studyJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Factors Associated with Depression Among American Indian/Alaskan Native Caregivers.

Zach Monahan, Joanna George, Dalton Hockett, Tucker Hopkins, Doug Nolan, Amy Hendrix-Dicken, Micah Hartwell

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Zach MonahanOffice of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, 19500 E Ross St, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA. zach.monahan@okstate.edu.ORCID 0009-0001-9569-8223
Joanna GeorgeOffice of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, 19500 E Ross St, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA.
Dalton HockettOffice of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, 19500 E Ross St, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA.
Tucker HopkinsOffice of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, 19500 E Ross St, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA.
Doug NolanOffice of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, 19500 E Ross St, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA.
Amy Hendrix-DickenCitizen of the Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, OK, USA.
Micah HartwellOffice of Medical Student Research, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, 19500 E Ross St, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAmerican Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) caregivers report significantly higher rates of depression and poor mental health compared to caregivers of other races. Although population data on physical and mental health disparities of the AI/AN population have been previously studied, research into factors that are associated with poor mental health among AI/AN caregivers is scarce.

methodsUtilizing the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) 2019-2022, we conducted a cross-sectional study to assess rates of depression and FPMHDs among caregivers. We compared the presence of depression and 14 + FPMHDs by self-reported races and ethnicities and among AI/AN caregivers by type of insurance, education, income, level of care, and the care recipient's condition.

resultsAI/AN caregivers had the highest reported rates of depression (34.58%) and 14 + FPMHDs (30.27%). These were significantly higher than that of non-Hispanic White caregivers, in both depression (28.29%, p = .044) and 14 + FPMHDs (19.55%, p < .0001). Rates of depression among AI/AN caregivers significantly varied by insurance (p = .0006) and the condition of the care recipient (p = .001). AI/AN caregivers insured by military-related insurance (46.91%) and Medicaid (45.74%) had the highest rates of depression. Higher rates of depression were also found in caregivers of people with mental illnesses (71.19%), cardiovascular disease (50.95%), or chronic respiratory conditions (47.67%).

conclusionAnalysis of the factors that contribute to depression among AI/AN caregivers can inform policy and social support networks to address key facets of caregiver strain.

Indexed as

American Indian or Alaska NativeCaregiversDepressionAdultAgedBehavioral Risk Factor Surveillance SystemCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsUnited StatesAlaskan NativeAmerican IndianCaregiver depressionCaregiversCaregiver strain

Identifiers

PMID40471443

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.