ArticleWomen's health (London, England)
Impact of extreme ambient temperatures on low birth weight: Insights from empirical findings in Pakistan.
Article in Women's health (London, England). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Disproportionate climate burden of rising temperatures on low birth weight in Pakistan.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Gender sensitive approach in response to climate change: Why and how?Women's health (London, England)Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundExposure to extreme ambient temperatures during pregnancy, including both heat and cold, can lead to complications such as preterm births, low birth weight (LBW), and developmental anomalies. These exposures pose immediate health risks to both mother and child and may exacerbate health disparities across future generations.
objectivePakistan, with limited health resources, is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of extreme temperatures. This study aimed to quantify the association between heat and cold exposure and LBW in Pakistan.
designSpace-time-series study design.
methodsWe analysed 17,077 birth records from 10 datasets from the Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveys and 1 from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys, covering monthly LBW cases from January 2008 to December 2017. These data were linked to monthly heat index estimates, derived from temperature and humidity, from Copernicus ERA5-Land, aggregated at the provincial level. We used a space-time-series study design with quasi-Poisson distributed lag nonlinear regression. Models were adjusted for long-term trends, seasonality, and socio-economic factors, including maternal education, wealth index and rural residence. We estimated the cumulative risk of LBW associated with heat and cold, individual lag effects and the attributable fraction of LBW cases due to temperature exposure.
resultsLBW was reported in 26.02% (
conclusionsThis study contributes to the existing body of evidence of the association between extreme temperatures and LBW, particularly from a low-resource, highly vulnerable country. Notably, we found a positive association between heat exposure and LBW during the first month of pregnancy (lag 0), suggesting that early gestation may be a critical period of vulnerability.
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