Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40469871›Full record

ArticleJournal of sports science & medicine2025

What Is the Best Step Technique for Swimming Relay Starts?

Santiago Veiga, Sebastian Fischer, Xiao Qiu, Jelena Stosic, Stefan Fuhrmann, Armin Kibele, Claudia Braun

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of sports science & medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Santiago VeigaSports Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Sebastian FischerInstitute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Germany.
Xiao QiuSports Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Jelena StosicSports Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
Stefan FuhrmannHamburg Olympic Training Centre, Germany.
Armin KibeleInstitute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Germany.
Claudia BraunInstitute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

There is a great heterogeneity in the starting techniques used by international-level swimmers in relay events. The aim of the present study was to analyse and compare the two most commonly used relay start techniques by male and female competitive swimmers. Thirteen males and seven females national and international-level swimmers performed several 25-m trials with their preferred relay start (n = 91, short-step; n = 54, long-step technique). Linear mixed models examined the effects of gender and start technique, with 5-m start times as a covariate. Swimmers performing long-step showed faster 5-m (0.09 s,

Indexed as

Athletic PerformanceSwimmingAdolescentAdultBiomechanical PhenomenaCompetitive BehaviorFemaleHumansMaleSex FactorsTime FactorsYoung AdultkinematicskineticperformanceStep-start

Identifiers

PMID40469871
PMCPMC12131143

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.