ArticlePreventive medicine reports2025
Global burden of kidney cancer attributable to smoking: A systematic analysis of the 1990-2021 global burden of disease study.
Article in Preventive medicine reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological burden and temporal trends of kidney cancer (KC) attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The study included 204 countries and regions, as provided in the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. The study participants were patients with KC attributable to smoking. The Deaths, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Years Lived with Disability (YLDs), and Years of Life Lost (YLLs) were estimated. Results: In 2021, KC attributable to smoking caused 16,216.48(95 % UI:9662.84 to 23,217.42) deaths globally, with DALYs at 382927.14(95 % UI:233634.99 to 536,755.44), YLDs at 16,084.01(95 % UI:9290.43 to 25,354.68), and YLLs at 366,843.12(95 % UI:223833.69 to 513,164.93). From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized rate (ASR) of disease indicators has declined globally, and middle-sociodemographic index (SDI) countries demonstrated the most substantial increase in ASRs for all indicators. The global number of DALYs has increased, with the most substantial increases occurring in high-middle SDI countries. The effective difference (EF) for all four disease indicators generally exhibited a spiraling expanding trend with increasing SDI. Predictive analysis suggests that the number of indicators will increase from 2022 to 2040, whereas ASR for these indicators is expected to decline annually through 2040. Conclusions: The global burden of KC attributable to smoking remains substantial, particularly in high-SDI regions, especially among men. In recent years, Middle-SDI regions have exhibited the sharpest rise in disease burden, demanding continued focus. Addressing health outcomes solely through social development progress proves challenging,targeted strategies are essential.
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