ReviewFrontiers in oncology2025
Role of TGFβ-activated cancer-associated fibroblasts in the resistance to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genotype-driven tumor ecosystems drive immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance in melanoma.Molecular cancer · 2026Article
- Epigenetic Plasticity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Mechanisms of Therapy Resistance, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- An externally validated lactylation-associated prognostic signature for overall survival prediction in lung adenocarcinoma identifiesTranslational cancer research · 2026Article
- The Molecular Structure, Expression, and Emerging Role of the 15-Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing Membrane Protein (LRRC15) in Skeletal Biology and Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Advances in Immunotherapy for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- NADPH-Oxidase 4 (NOX4) Inhibitors as a Treatment for Idiopathic Pulmonary Disease, Fibrotic Diseases, Inflammatory Diseases, and Cancer.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- The Lysosome-Cathepsin Axis in Pancreatic Cancer: Mechanisms of Stromal Remodeling, Immune Evasion, and Therapy Resistance.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- High intratumoral CD8 positive T cell infiltration associated with pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant immunotherapy in locally advanced colon cancer.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- A review of organoid-immune co-culture platforms to model the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma and guide immunotherapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Visualizing malignant progression: in situ CD109-based spatial immunofluorescence assay delineates papillary to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma transformation within the tumor microenvironment.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Biomarker guided combination strategies and perioperative integration for immune cold microsatellite stable colorectal cancer.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Immunohistochemical Pattern of CD34 Distribution in Different Types of Basal Cell Carcinoma and in Peritumoral Skin.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Rearming mesenchymal stem cells with engineering strategies to combat cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Targeted Nanomedicine in Solid Tumor Therapy: From Mechanisms of Therapeutic Resistance to Precision Stromal Modulation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Circadian rhythms in the tumor microenvironment: spatiotemporal immune regulation and chronotherapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cancer-associated fibroblasts in the lung cancer microenvironment from multi-dimensional mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Advances in understanding the tumor microenvironment of neuroendocrine prostate cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Secreted frizzled-related protein 2 as a context-dependent extracellular signaling hub in development, tissue remodeling, and disease.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The tumor microenvironment as a key regulator of radiotherapy response.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- NR2F2 in cancer-associated fibroblasts drives immune microenvironment remodeling and promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have revolutionized cancer treatment by enabling durable responses. However, most patients showed resistance and limited efficacy. Elucidating mechanisms of resistance is imperative to extend the clinical utility of ICBs. Emerging evidence highlights cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), particularly TGFβ-activated myofibroblastic CAFs, as key orchestrators of immunosuppressive TMEs and ICBs resistance. These CAFs drive T-cell exclusion preventing intratumoral T cells from engaging cancer cells. This review explores the role of TGFβ signaling in CAFs in driving immune evasion and therapy resistance. While targeting TGFβ or CAFs directly has shown limited inconsistent results, downstream molecules in TGFβ-activated CAFs, including induced TGFβ (βig-h3), endocytic receptor 180 (Endo180), leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15), and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), emerge as promising therapeutic targets to counteract T-cell exclusion and restore immunotherapy sensitivity. Advancing research on CAF heterogeneity and pro-tumorigenic subsets may uncover innovative strategies to expand immunotherapy benefits.
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