Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40468328›Full record

Trial reportBMC medicine2025

Impact of multifaceted health education on influenza vaccination health literacy in primary school students: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Jingyi Chen, Weiguang Xie, Xuehua Huang, Anzhong Huang, Tingyu Lu, Ruihang Zhang, Jingyi Xiao, Shaoyi He, Jiao Wang, Lin Xu

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMC medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06048406 (Effect of Health Education on Promoting Influenza Vaccination Health Literacy Among Primary School Students), which is not on this map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06048406 naunknown statusnot on this map

Effect of Health Education on Promoting Influenza Vaccination Health Literacy Among Primary School Students

TypeinterventionalSponsorSun Yat-sen UniversityRan2023 to 2024Enrolled3,036ConditionsVaccination, Infection, InfluenzaArmsHealth education
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Jingyi Chen *School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Weiguang Xie *Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China.
Xuehua Huang *Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China.
Anzhong HuangCenter for Disease Control and Prevention of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China.
Tingyu LuSchool of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Ruihang ZhangSchool of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Jingyi XiaoSchool of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Shaoyi HeSchool of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Jiao WangSchool of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Lin XuSchool of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. xulin27@mail.sysu.edu.cn.

Funding

The Department of Education of Guangdong Province, China YCKJ-2023-14
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundInfluenza remains a significant public health concern globally. We assessed the impact of multifaceted health education on influenza vaccination rates and health literacy among primary school students in China.

methodsThis cluster randomized controlled trial enrolled fourth- and fifth-grade students from 20 primary schools in Dongguan, China. Schools were randomly allocated (1:1) by a computer program to either the intervention group, receiving multifaceted health education, or the control group, receiving standard health education. Data were collected at baseline and post-intervention. The primary outcome was influenza vaccination rate. Secondary outcomes included health literacy, influenza incidence, influenza-like illness incidence, and influenza vaccine protection rate. Both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses were performed.

resultsA total of 3463 students (1544 [44.6%] females; mean [SD] age, 9.9 [0.7] years) were enrolled. The ITT analysis included 3463 participants (control group [n = 1811]; intervention group [n = 1652]) while the PP analysis included 3275 participants (control group [n = 1717]; intervention group [n = 1558]). The influenza vaccination rate was significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group (ITT: 173 [10.9%] vs 130 [7.4%], adjusted risk ratios 1.54 [95% CI, 1.23-1.93], P < 0.001; PP: 165 [10.6%] vs 116 [6.8%], adjusted risk ratios 1.61 [95% CI, 1.27-2.03], P < 0.001). The knowledge component of children's health literacy scores significantly increased in the intervention group post-intervention (ITT: mean differences 0.12 [95% CI 0.04-0.20], P < 0.01; PP: mean differences 0.12 [95% CI 0.04-0.21], P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed for other secondary outcomes.

conclusionsThe multifaceted health education significantly enhanced influenza vaccination uptake in primary school students. However, the increase was modest, indicating that more effective school-based influenza prevention programs are urgently needed to improve vaccine uptake in children.

trial registrationRegistered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 09/08/2023 (registration number: NCT06048406).

Indexed as

Health EducationHealth LiteracyInfluenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesStudentsVaccinationChildChinaFemaleHumansMaleSchool Health ServicesSchoolsInfluenza VaccinesChild healthEducationHealth literacyInfluenza vaccinationRandomized trial

Identifiers

PMID40468328
PMCPMC12139178

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.