Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40467906›Full record

ArticleClinical oral investigations2025

Long-term tooth discoloration induced by apical plugs with hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements in bovine teeth with open apices - a 6-year in-vitro study.

Ralf Krug, Fabian Schwarz, Britta Hahn, Marcel Reymus, Florin Eggmann, Gabriel Krastl, Sebastian Soliman

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Ralf KrugDepartment of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology and Center of Dental Traumatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany. krug_r@ukw.de.
Fabian SchwarzDepartment of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology and Center of Dental Traumatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
Britta HahnDepartment of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology and Center of Dental Traumatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
Marcel ReymusDepartment of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
Florin EggmannDepartment of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Gabriel KrastlDepartment of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology and Center of Dental Traumatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
Sebastian SolimanDepartment of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology and Center of Dental Traumatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo investigate the long-term tooth discoloration induced by different hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (HCSCs), depending on blood contamination and placement method in-vitro. MATERIALS AND

methodsEighty bovine teeth, sliced to a length of 18 mm (crown 8 mm, root 10 mm), were randomly assigned to 10 groups (n = 8), receiving ortho- or retrograde apical plug treatment (APT). Apical plugs were 4 mm in length and made of ProRoot MTA (Dentsply), Medcem MTA (Medcem), TotalFill BC RRM Fast Set Putty (Brasseler), or Medcem Medical Portland Cement (Medcem) plus bismuth oxide (Bi

resultsThe increase of tooth discoloration occurred in all groups with no significant differences between HCSCs (p >.05). After six years, color changes were strongly marked on roots but insignificant on crowns. The color differences on the measuring surface of the apical plug were statistically significant between 24 and 72 months (p <.001). Blood had a more relevant impact on tooth color than Bi

conclusionsApical plugs of the tested HCSCs cause ongoing discoloration of bovine roots, but no discoloration of bovine tooth crowns within a six-year period. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Apical plugs should be carefully placed. If direct contact with the coronal dentin is avoided, long-term aesthetic impairments are unlikely to occur.

Indexed as

Calcium CompoundsDental CementsRoot Canal Filling MaterialsSilicatesTooth ApexTooth DiscolorationAnimalsBismuthCattleDrug CombinationsIn Vitro TechniquesMaterials TestingBismuthCalcium Compoundscalcium silicateDental CementsDrug CombinationsRoot Canal Filling MaterialsSilicatesApexificationApical plugBovine teethCalcium-silicate based cementMineral trioxide aggregateOpen apexPortland cementRoot end closureSpectrophotometer

Identifiers

PMID40467906
PMCPMC12137506

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.