ArticleDental press journal of orthodontics2025
In vitro evaluation of biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in orthodontic aligners.
Article in Dental press journal of orthodontics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Finishing protocols of orthodontic attachments determine surface roughness and susceptibility to microbial colonization in vitro.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Clear aligner therapy beyond esthetics: oral health, polymer materials, and the environmental cost of digital orthodontics.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAligners have been used by the orthodontic community for approximately 20 years, but little research has been carried out on the accumulation of biofilm on the surface of these aligners, as well as their possible impact on the oral ecosystem.
methodsTen hemi-arches of Invisalign® brand orthodontic aligners were used. The hemi-arches were placed inside sterile flasks containing 25 mL of Gibbons and Nygaard broth, with standardized suspensions of the two microorganisms on the 0.5 MacFarland scale and incubated in aerophily (C. albicans) and microaerophily (S. mutans and mixed biofilm) at 37°C for 72h. The biofilm formed was removed by the multiple rinses method to quantify the microorganisms in the biofilms in CFU/mL. A qualitative analysis with scanning electron microscopy was performed to observe the structure of the formed biofilms.
resultsIt was observed the accumulation of a monospecies biofilm (S. mutans - 2.55 x 106 and C. albicans - 1.62 x 107) and mixed biofilm (S. mutans - 2.21 x 105 and C. albicans - 1.06 x 107) very robust on the surface of orthodontic aligners.
conclusionAccording to the results obtained, one can conclude that Invisalign® brand orthodontic aligners are susceptible to the accumulation of monospecies and mixed biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the possibility of Invisalign® users developing carious lesions associated with the biofilm formed by these two microbial species, and to guide the patient on the correct cleaning of the device during treatment.
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