ArticleJournal of cosmetic dermatology2025
The Overlooked Sad Face Expression: Understanding the Omega Sign in Botulinum Toxin Treatment.
Article in Journal of cosmetic dermatology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Moose Technique: A New Anatomical Perspective Treatment in Botulinum Toxin.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- A Psychological Guide to Upper Face Botulinum Toxin Injections: Baseline Emotional Functions of Facial Expressions.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionBotulinum toxin injections are a popular cosmetic treatment for smoothing wrinkles. Recent trends emphasize not just wrinkle reduction but also the correction of facial expressions that convey emotions. Among these, the sad face expression, associated with the omega pattern, is often overlooked despite its significant role in emotional expression.
methodsThis study explored the anatomy and muscle activity related to the sad face expression, focusing on the occipitofrontalis, corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii, procerus, and orbicularis oculi muscles. A new classification system was developed to categorize this expression based on patient control and muscle strength.
resultsThe study found that the omega pattern is produced by the interaction of specific facial muscles, with three types of patient muscle control identified: automatic, controllable, and uncontrollable gestures. The visibility of the sad face expression varies among individuals due to differences in muscle strength and control.
conclusionIncorporating the assessment of the sad face expression into pretreatment evaluations can enhance the effectiveness of botulinum toxin treatments by addressing both aesthetic and emotional aspects of facial expressions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.
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Registered trials
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