ArticleJournal of hepatocellular carcinoma2025
Spleen Volume Dynamics and Survival Outcomes in HCC Patients Undergoing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Retrospective Analysis.
Article in Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- CT-derived abdominal organ volumetrics for predicting recurrence-free and disease-free survival in resected non-small cell lung cancer: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Article
- Fully automated spleen segmentation predicts progression-free survival in HCC patients following transarterial radioembolization.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- From Tumor to Tumor-Spleen: MRI Habitat Heterogeneity for Predicting Immunotherapy Outcome in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2026Article
- Role of non-invasive serological and CT imaging parameters in assessing portal hypertensive gastropathy severity.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The spleen serves as an important immune organ which influences the anti-tumor immune response by modulating the immune microenvironment. This study investigated the prognostic impact of spleen volume (SV) on the survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 224 HCC patients treated with ICIs, categorized into Higher and Lower SV groups by median SV and further into SV increased and Non-SV increased groups based on changes in SV at 3 months after ICIs. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the influence of SV and clinical indicators on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Independent prognostic factors identified via multivariate analysis were incorporated into nomograms, with their accuracy assessed using concordance index (C-index), time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between baseline SV and survival. Results: The Higher SV and SV increased groups demonstrated shorter PFS and OS compared to the Lower SV and Non-SV increased groups, respectively. These results were consistent with different regimens in the Child A. The C-index of nomogram for PFS were 0.700 (0.678-0.721) and OS 0.733(0.709-0.757). The ROC and calibration curves confirmed robust discrimination and predictive accuracy of models. RCS analysis revealed a nonlinear association between baseline SV and survival risk, providing a more comprehensive overview of SV in relation to survival in HCC patients treated with ICIs. Conclusion: The baseline SV and its relative change at three months after treatment are expected to become routine imaging makers for predicting survival in HCC patients receiving ICIs, which consequently contributes to their clinical management.
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