Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40462031›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2025

More schooling is associated with lower hemoglobin A1c at the high-risk tail of the distribution: an unconditional quantile regression analysis.

Jillian Hebert, Amanda M Irish, Aayush Khadka, Abigail Arons, Alicia R Riley, Elbert S Huang, Anusha M Vable

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jillian HebertDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 2540 23rd St, 94110, San Francisco, CA, USA. jilly.hebert@ucsf.edu.
Amanda M IrishDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 2540 23rd St, 94110, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Aayush KhadkaDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 2540 23rd St, 94110, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Abigail AronsDepartments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Alicia R RileyDepartment of Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
Elbert S HuangDepartments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Anusha M VableDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, 2540 23rd St, 94110, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Funding

Evaluation of college accessibility and income security interventions as preventative measures for dementia risk and solutions to dementia disparitiesR01AG069092 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI VABLE, ANUSHA MURTHY · 2020 to 2024
$3.1M
Social Modulation of Transitions in Diabetes: Synthesizing Data Sets and Biomeasure AssaysR01AG060756 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI HUANG, ELBERT S., MCCLINTOCK, MARTHA KENT · 2019 to 2023
$3.1M
Research and Mentorship in Medical Decision Making for Chronic Diseases of Older AdultsK24AG069080 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO · PI HUANG, ELBERT S. · 2020 to 2024
$583k
NIA NIH HHS K24 AG069080NIA NIH HHS R01 AG060756NIA NIH HHS R01 AG069092NIH HHS R01AG060756NIH HHS R01AG069092
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRisk of diabetes increases exponentially with higher levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Education is inversely associated with average HbA1c, however, differential associations between education and HbA1c across the HbA1c distribution have not been evaluated.

methodsHealth and Retirement Study data (N = 21,732) was used to evaluate the association between education (linear terms among those with < 12 years and ≥ 12 years of education) and first recorded HbA1c (2003-2016) at the mean using linear regression, and at the 1st-99th quantiles of the marginal outcome distribution using unconditional quantile regressions, controlling for birth year, race and ethnicity, gender, birthplace, parental education, and year of HbA1c measurement.

resultsMean HbA1c was 5.9%; 16.6% of participants had HbA1c above the diabetes diagnostic threshold of 6.5%. For those with fewer than 12 years of schooling, there was no association between education and HbA1c at the mean or across the quantiles. For those with 12 or more years of schooling, an additional year of education was negatively associated with mean HbA1c (β

conclusionsEducational attainment is inversely associated with HbA1c among those with 12 or more years of schooling, with larger point estimates for those in the high-risk tail of the HbA1c distribution.

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusEducational StatusGlycated HemoglobinAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRegression AnalysisGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanDiabetesDistributional effectsEffect heterogeneityUnconditional quantile regressionUS Health and Retirement Study (HRS)

Identifiers

PMID40462031
PMCPMC12131358

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.