ArticleBMC public health2025
Early smoking and its impact on cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease: a nationwide population-based study.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveSmoking is a leading preventable cause of disease and death worldwide, with severe implications for individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although smoking at a younger age is linked to higher mortality risk, the specific effects of early smoking on all-cause and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs)-specific mortality in CKD patients are not well established. This study aims to examine the association between early smoking, smoking intensity, and mortality in patients with CKD.
methodsThis nationwide, population-based cohort study utilized data from the National Health Insurance Database (NHID) of South Korea, provided by the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). The study included 549,739 adults with CKD who underwent national health examinations in 2009. The primary exposures were the age at smoking initiation and smoking intensity, measured in pack-years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the association between these exposures and mortality outcomes.
resultsEarlier smoking initiation and higher smoking intensity were significantly associated with increased risks of all-cause and CCVDs-specific mortality among patients with CKD. Specifically, individuals who began smoking at a younger age and those with higher pack-years had a notably higher risk of mortality.
conclusionsThe findings suggest that early smoking and smoking intensity are associated with higher mortality risks in CKD patients. Preventive measures targeting early smoking initiation may help improve the long-term outcomes in high-risk population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.