SynthesisBreast cancer (Tokyo, Japan)2025
Meta-analysis of smoking and breast cancer risk: by age of smoking initiation.
Synthesis in Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparison of the health-related outcomes for traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, heat-not-burn cigarettes and snus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- The Convergent Immunopathogenesis of Cigarette Smoke Exposure: From Oxidative Stress to Epigenetic Reprogramming in Chronic Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The effect of smoking on breast cancer screening results in female population: a study in Wu wei, China.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Evaluation of breast cancer symptoms and risk factors in women: the case of Türkiye.Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMounting evidence suggests that smoking increases breast cancer risk. Despite a worldwide increase in adolescent smoking, potential heterogeneity in the relationship by timing of smoking initiation has not been systematically evaluated.
methodsPubMed and Embase were searched through January 2024 for relevant epidemiologic studies. The summary relative risk (SRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated by smoking initiation age (≤ 15 years, 15-20 years, ≥ 20 years) using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model.
resultsA total of 30 case-control studies and 20 cohort studies were included. The SRR was 1.08 (95% CI = 1.02-1.14, p < 0.05, I
conclusionsSmoking, regardless of age of initiation, may increase breast cancer risk. More studies are warranted to clarify how the timing of smoking initiation relative to first childbirth modifies the relationship between smoking and breast cancer risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40461913What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.