ArticleNature medicine2025
An international Delphi consensus for reporting of setting in psychedelic clinical trials.
Article in Nature medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy as a treatment for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review.Psychopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- The Use of Psychedelics in the Treatment of Adult ADHD: A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Methodological fragmentation and integration priorities in psychedelic-assisted therapy assessment: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Mixed-methods analysis on psychedelic-augmented meditation experiences from a randomized controlled mindfulness retreat.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- High ventilation breathwork as a non-pharmacological model for inducing psychedelic-like states: expert evaluations of therapeutic potential and risk.Npj mental health research · 2026Article
- The Emergence of Isotryptamine Analogs as Novel Serotonergic Agents with Psychotherapeutic Potential.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Review
- Safety, feasibility, and preliminary clinical outcomes of psilocybin-assisted therapy for veterans with severe, treatment-resistant PTSD: an open-label pilot clinical trial.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- The mystic trip: how psychedelic research fell for mysticism.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Ten practical suggestions for setting up a psychedelic study.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Psychedelic Therapy and the Role of Music: A Scoping Review of Quantitative Evidence on Subjective and Objective Outcomes.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Challenges with clinical trial participants in studies with classical psychedelics: A position statement from the National Network of Depression Centers' task group on psychedelics and related compounds.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Spiritual wellbeing in psychedelic-assisted therapy with palliative care populations: An analysis of outcome measures.Palliative & supportive care · 2026Review
- A phase 1 study of a second experience with Group Retreat Psilocybin Therapy for partial responders after a first experience.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- A national approach in a European context: Multidisciplinary and multiprofessional recommendations on the clinical use of psychedelic substances.Neuroscience applied · 2026Article
- Lived experience as systems-relevant evidence in psychedelic public health.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Systems-based psychiatry: insights from psychedelic research on mechanisms of healing.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Conceptual analysis of mechanisms and methods in psychedelic clinical trial design: a narrative review.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Psychedelic therapy and postpartum depression: priorities and prospects.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Home-based psilocybin-assisted therapy for a patient with advanced cancer: A case report.Palliative & supportive care · 2025Article
- Concomitant use of antidepressants and classic psychedelics: A scoping review.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Psychedelic substances exhibit complex interactions with the 'set and setting' of use, that is, the mental state of the user and the environment in which a psychedelic experience takes place. Despite these contextual variables' known importance, psychedelic research has lacked methodological rigor in reporting extra-pharmacological factors. This study aimed to generate consensus-based guidelines for reporting settings in psychedelic clinical research, according to an international group of psychedelic researchers, clinicians and past trial participants. We conducted a Delphi consensus study composed of four iterative rounds of quasi-anonymous online surveys. A total of 89 experts from 17 countries independently listed potentially important psychedelic setting variables. There were 770 responses, synthesized into 49 distinct items that were subsequently rated, debated and refined. The process yielded 30 extra-pharmacological variables reaching predefined consensus ratings:i.e., 'important' or 'very important' for ≥70% of experts. These items compose the Reporting of Setting in Psychedelic Clinical Trials (ReSPCT) guidelines, categorized into physical environment, dosing session procedure, therapeutic framework and protocol, and subjective experiences. Emergent findings reveal significant ambiguities in current conceptualizations of set and setting. The ReSPCT guidelines and accompanying explanatory document provide a new standard for the design and documentation of extra-pharmacological variables in psychedelic clinical research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.