ArticleNature microbiology2025
Genetic diversity of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry across China and implications for zoonotic transmission.
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Article in Nature microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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23 citing papers in PubMed.
- HA thermostability mutations S84F, G167N, and D168N potentiate H9N2 virus transmission in a warming environment.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Global evolutionary landscape of H11 avian influenza and initial isolates identified in Xinjiang, China.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- A new clade of H9N2 avian influenza virus circulating in Laos.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Occupational Zoonotic Risk at India's Human-Animal Interface: Statutory Origins and a Regulatory Pathway for the Compensation-Prevention Disconnect.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- A neuraminidase-targeting nanobody as a therapeutic candidate against influenza A and B viruses.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- A novel self-amplified RNA vaccine co-expressing NA and HA1 delivered by Salmonella confers potent protection against H9N2 influenza in chickens.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Genetic and Pathogenicity Studies of Avian Influenza (H9N2) Virus Isolated from Chickens in Jiangsu Province, China, in 2025.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Evolving dynamics of H5Nx avian influenza in China revealed by long-term wild bird surveillance.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Development and evaluation of a recombinant bivalent HVT-vectored vaccine candidate against H9N2 avian influenza virus and fowl adenovirus serotype 4.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Surveillance and cross-species transmission assessment of H3NX avian influenza viruses isolated in Guangdong province, China from 2023 to 2025.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Epidemiological and Virological Characteristics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Jiangsu Province, China, 2024.Viruses · 2026Article
- From Phage Display to Yeast Secretion: Developing Fc-Fused Nanobodies Against Influenza Virus.Cells · 2026Article
- Nasal RNA-scaffold-protein vaccine protects mice from human H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus lethal infection and safeguards against vaccine-unmatched viruses.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Serological Surveillance of Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 Subtype in Occupational Populations Exposed to Poultry Environment in China During 2018-2023.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Comparative and predictive analysis of avian influenza in live bird markets of the Poyang Lake region: a long-term monitoring study.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Molecular arms races at the virus-host splicing interface and their pathogenic implications.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Environmental circulation of multiple avian influenza subtypes and potential association with human infections in central China.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Molecular epidemiological characteristics of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in the external environment of western Zhejiang, China, 2014-2025.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- From Surfaces to Spillover: Environmental Persistence and Indirect Transmission of Influenza A(H3N8) Virus.Microorganisms · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
28 authors.
Jing Yang *Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Juan Li *Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-7188
Ju Sun *Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Jiaming Li *Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Guanghua Fu *Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.
Tian Tian *Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Yongchun Yang *Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.
Xuancheng LuNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China.
Shan LiKey Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China.
Lixia WangLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Jia DongLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Mingjia WuLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Yun LiuLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Delong LiCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
Dongfang HuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
Hui DongKey Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China.
Ruoyu ShangLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Yanqing WangLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Kunpeng YuanLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Lin RanLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Honglei SunNational Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
Wenxia TianCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6018-5180
Yu HuangInstitute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China.
Jinhua LiuNational Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4128-1043
Wenjun LiuLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
Weifeng ShiDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. shiwf@ioz.ac.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8717-2942
George F GaoLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China. gfgao@zju.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3869-615X
Yuhai BiLaboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China. beeyh@im.ac.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-363X
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 32200416National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 32425053, 32370166, 32261133524 and 32061123001Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province tsqn202211217Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS) Y2021034
Abstract
Nationwide surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live poultry markets across China has occurred since 2014, providing a resource for AIV prevalence and genetic diversity studies. Here we report that 3,237 of 18,425 samples from poultry were AIV positive (17.57%) between 2019 and 2023, with H9N2 being the dominant subtype. We developed an automated phylogeny-based nomenclature system to classify genetic clades of the dominant H9N2 lineage, the BJ94 lineage. Using this model, we found that ten haemagglutinin (HA) sub-subclades cocirculated in poultry and showed antigenic variation. In addition, 99.46% and 96.17% of H9N2 AIVs in 2021-2023 possessed human-receptor binding-related HA-L226 and human MxA-resistance-related NP-N52 mutations, respectively. H9N2 strains with these two mutations preferred human-type receptors and increased replication in human cells in vitro, regardless of the presence of PB2-V/K/E627. Moreover, H9N2 AIVs containing HA-L226, PB2-V/K627 and NP-N52 were transmitted from infected to naive guinea pigs and ferrets through direct contact and respiratory droplet. This highlights the potential zoonotic risks of H9N2 AIVs.
Indexed as
Genetic VariationInfluenza A Virus, H9N2 SubtypeInfluenza in BirdsPoultryPoultry DiseasesViral ZoonosesZoonosesAnimalsChickensChinaFerretsGuinea PigsHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusHumansInfluenza, HumanMutationHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
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