ArticleScientific reports2025
Phase-specific determinants of 100 m freestyle performance in elite swimmers.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Kinetics, kinematics, and performance modeling of two arm swing techniques in the swimming kick-start.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Neuromechanical characteristics of breaststroke in adolescent swimmers across different performance levels: a comparative analysis.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Physiological relevance and generation-level stability of artificial intelligence-generated race-day warm-up and cool-down plans for sprint swimming: an expert-rated comparison of four large language models.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The 100 m freestyle is a key event in competitive swimming, where marginal gains across race phases-start, clean swim, turn, and finish-are vital for elite performance. However, sex-specific biomechanical contributions remain underexplored, especially in underwater breakout strategies. This study identifies phase-specific performance determinants, emphasizing sex-stratified correlations and practical insights for optimizing elite-level outcomes. High-speed video analysis and official race data from 59 elite swimmers (29 males and 30 females, including Olympic medalists) were utilized. Spatiotemporal variables and stroke efficiency metrics were collected for each phase. Pearson's correlation coefficients assessed relationships between race times and phase-specific variables, while repeated measures ANOVA evaluated stability. All clean swim spatiotemporal variables were highly associated with the final race time, especially the first lap (males: r = 0.806, p < 0.001; females: r = 0.850, p < 0.001). A robust start (males: r = 0.501, p = 0.006; females: r = 0.560, p = 0.001) and efficient turn (males: r = 0.588, p = 0.001; females: r = 0.592, p = 0.001) were also crucial, with underwater variables significantly contributing to a faster start and turn. Sex-specific differences in velocity for turn and finish strategies were identified. The study concludes that elite 100 m freestyle performance depends on explosive starts, sustained clean-swimming velocity, and efficient turns, with sex-specific adaptations in pacing and underwater strategy.
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Registered trials
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