ArticleAfrican journal of primary health care & family medicine2025
Comparison of patient reported dry eye symptoms as evaluated by the ocular surface disease index and symptom assessment.
Article in African journal of primary health care & family medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07185854 (Acupuncture Combined With Artificial Tears Compared With Artificial Tears Alone in Moderate Dry Eye), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Acupuncture Combined With Artificial Tears Compared With Artificial Tears Alone in Moderate Dry Eye: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Comparison of early postoperative dry eye after KLEx and FS-LASIK: a contralateral eye study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDry eye disease (DED) is a growing public health problem because of excessive time spent on digital devices as a risk factor. The diagnosis of DED should not only be based on the objective clinical measures but also on symptoms reported by patients. Clinicians should not rely on establishing symptoms using open verbal questioning during the case history but should quantify patient symptoms using a validated questionnaire.
aimTo compare the patient-reported symptoms of DED as assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE).
settingAn optometry clinic.
methodsOcular Surface Disease Index and SANDE questionnaires were administered to 40 participants. Participants completed all questionnaires in a non-randomised order. The correlation between the questionnaires' scores was determined and the Bland-Altman plot was used to assess the agreement between the two questionnaires.
resultsThe mean scores for OSDI and SANDE were 37.85 ± 23.79 and 38.83 ± 26.39, respectively. The Spearman correlation between the two questionnaires was 0.7, p 0.01. The mean difference between OSDI and SANDE was -0.97 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: [-7.04 to 5.09]). The Bland-Altman analysis between OSDI and SANDE showed a mean clinical difference (bias) of -0.98.
conclusionThe SANDE questionnaire can be used as a dry eye symptom assessment as it is highly correlated to the OSDI questionnaire.Contribution: Because the OSDI and SANDE questionnaires showed a significant correlation and negligible score differences, this suggests that the SANDE questionnaire has the potential to provide clinicians with a short and quick measure of DED symptoms.
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