ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2025
Polymicrobial urine cultures: reconciling contamination with the urobiome while recognizing the pathogens.
Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Distribution of Uropathogens and Molecular Characterisation of Virulence Genes of UropathogenicPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The evidence landscape for direct-from-urine antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) for urinary tract infection (UTI): a scoping review.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Review
- Exploratory analysis of biofilm formation and virulence gene expression in Acinetobacter baumannii-Candida albicans co-cultured isolates from urinary tract infections.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- First report of render MA120-assisted identification of dual-species urinary tract coinfection by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: molecular characterization of qseC, galU, and acrD resistance and virulence determinants.Folia microbiologica · 2026Article
- Calling a Truce: Enterococcus faecalis as a mediator between E. coli and C. albicans during polymicrobial CAUTIs.Research square · 2026Article
- Rethinking urinary tract infections in women with abdominal pain in pregnancy: a prospective case-control study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Observational
- A rapid ionic liquid-based DNA extraction method for molecular diagnostics of urinary tract infections.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Underexplored maternal microbiomes: immune, metabolic, and microbial pathways shaping pregnancy outcomes.Infection and immunity · 2026Review
- Antibiotic Outcomes of Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections: A Retrospective Analysis from Saudi Arabia and Oman.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Methodological bias shapes the interpretation of the urinary microbiome in low-biomass systems.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Urobiome or Urinary Tract Infection: A Mysterious Dilemma.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a rapid, direct sample loading electrochemical AST assay with clinical urine samples.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- A model, mixed-species urinary catheter biofilm derived from spinal cord injury patients.Biofilm · 2025Article
- Full Validation of Pooled Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Using CLSI Methods and Performance Criteria in UTI Pathogens.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Urinary Tract Infections Diagnosis Based on Non-Microbiological Parameters.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Polymicrobial or mixed urine cultures of more than one predominant microbe confound clinical urinary tract infection diagnosis. The current College of American Pathologists clinical laboratory standard states that a urine sample cultured with more than two isolates with >10,000 colony forming units/ml is to be considered contaminated. However, the presence of urinary sample bacteria in individuals without urinary symptoms (referred to as asymptomatic bacteriuria) is common especially in older people and in pregnant individuals. Furthermore, the discovery of an indigenous urinary microbiome (urobiome) in healthy humans throughout life from shortly after birth to death conflicts with the long-standing notion that urine derived from sterile filtered blood should be sterile above the urethral sphincter. Polymicrobial infections are not consistent with Koch's postulates that a single pathogen is causal for disease. In this review, we will discuss current standards of contamination, how to reconcile the sterility of urine with the existence of the urobiome, a history of polymicrobial infections, and why re-examining current practices is essential for the practice of medicine, improving quality of life, and potentially saving lives. .
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