ArticleJDS communications2025
No indication of highly pathogenic avian influenza infections in Dutch cows.
Article in JDS communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Detection of antibodies against avian influenza in European dairy cattle, the Netherlands, January 2026.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Mammary and respiratory infection of sheep with H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b viruses with milk-mediated transmission to lambs.Science advances · 2026Article
- Risk of infection of dairy cattle in the EU with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus affecting dairy cows in the United States of America (H5N1, Eurasian lineage goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b. genotype B3.13).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in a sheep in Great Britain, 2025.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In March 2024, an infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 of the HA clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in dairy cows in Texas. Following this first detection, the virus was identified in multiple states in the United States, with spillover into other mammals. This raised concerns in the Netherlands that despite having an effective monitoring and surveillance system, H5N1 virus infections in Dutch cattle could have occurred. The aim of this study was therefore to retrospectively screen Dutch cattle for HPAI virus infections for the period between 2022 and 2024. A total of 2,190 archived cattle serum samples from 367 different herds were selected, with an average of 6 samples per herd. These samples were tested using an influenza A blocking ELISA. A Luminex H5/H7 assay was used to confirm and subtype ELISA-positive samples. The influenza A blocking ELISA detects antibodies against all influenza A virus subtypes, whereas the Luminex assay can differentiate antibodies against the surface proteins haemagglutinin (HA or H) 5 and 7 (H5/H7), and neuraminidases (NA or N) 1 to 9 (N1-N9). Four samples (0.2%) reacted positive in the influenza A blocking ELISA, all from different herds located in different parts of the Netherlands. However, all 4 samples tested negative in the Luminex H5/H7 assay, indicating that the samples did not have antibodies against H5, H7, and N1 to N9. The 99.8% specificity of the ELISA may explain the ELISA-positive results. The ELISA used in this study is a multispecies test that has not yet been validated for use in cattle. The duration of detectable antibodies in cattle is unknown, as is the sensitivity to detect past infections with influenza A virus subtypes in cattle for the Dutch situation. Therefore results should be interpreted with caution. The lack of detected antibody responses in cattle in the Netherlands from 2022 to 2024 aligns with the absence of any indication for clinical cases in Dutch cattle over recent years in the national monitoring and surveillance system.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.